Avoiding attack : the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals, and mimicry

299 Pages·2018·128.297 MB·English

by  William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, Michael Patrick Speed, Graeme D. Ruxton

Avoiding Attack

Avoiding Attack
The Evolutionary Ecology of
Crypsis, Aposematism, and
Mimicry
Second edition
Graeme D. Ruxton
William L. Allen
Thomas N. Sherratt
Michael P. Speed
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1
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© Graeme D. Ruxton, William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, & Michael P. Speed 2018
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First Edition published in 2004
Second Edition published in 2018
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944296
ISBN 978–0–19–968867–8 (hbk.)
ISBN 978–0–19–968868–5 (pbk.)
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199688678.001.0001
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 09/07/18, SPi
Dedicated to
Katherine
Jioh
Frances, Finlay, Stuart, Kaelan, Nathan, Kyah, & Jakob
Yvonne

Acknowledgements
Many colleagues helped with reading text, sug- The smartest thing the original three authors of
gesting references, and providing figures. In no Avoiding Attack did was bring in Will Allen as a co-
particular order, we would like to acknowledge our author—his drive, energy, and scholarship have been
thanks to Nicholas Scott-Samuel, Anna Hughes, transformative—and every chapter of this book is bet-
Willem Bekkers, Jolyon Troscianko, Roger Hanlon, ter for his contributions; some simply would not exist
Sami Merilaita, Jennifer Kelley, Olivier Penacchio, at all without him. The joint smartest thing we did
Innes Cuthill, Sonke Johnsen, Malcolm Edmunds, was hire Rosalind Humphries as research assistant to
Jayne Yack, Takeo Kuriyama, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, coordinate the four authors. Her friendly, unflappable
Carlos Cordero, Bree Putman, Dinesh Rao, Pierre- organization and very gentle chivvying were essential
Paul Bitton, Lynne Isbell, Chris Hassall, John Skelhorn, in completing this project and we all owe her a huge
Francis Gilbert, Thomas Reader, Krushnamegh Kunte, debt. Our final smart call was to stay with OUP—
Karl Loeffler-Henry, Thomas Aubier, Mathieu Cho- Bethany Kershaw was exceptionally patient, always
uteau, Kyle Summers, David Kikuchi, Mikhail Kozlov, wise in her guidance, and everything we could
Kevin Arbuckle, Butch Brodie, Johanna Mappes, hope for in an Editor; the production and copyediting
Hannah Rowland, Bibi Rojas, Janne Valkonen, & side of the book (by Suryajeet Mullick and Julian
Elena Zvereva. We apologize to those that should Thomas particularly) was managed with collegiate
be on this list but slipped our mind. None of those efficiency and good grace. Julian in particular com-
named bear any responsibility for our errors and bines a very keen eye for detail with exceptional
omissions. intellectual engagement, professionalism, and wit.
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Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter summary 3
The sequence of a predator–prey encounter and investment across
multiple defences 5
1 Background matching 9
1.1 Introduction, definition, mechanism, and chapter overview 9
1.2 Empirical evidence of background matching 10
1.3 The evolution of background matching 11
1.4 Co-evolutionary considerations 14
1.5 Ecological considerations 17
1.6 Unresolved issues and future challenges 23
2 Disruptive camouflage 24
2.1 Introduction and overview 24
2.2 Examples of disruptive camouflage 26
2.3 The multiple mechanisms of camouflage by disruption 28
2.4 Identifying and quantifying disruptive camouflage 33
2.5 The relationship between disruption and other forms of protective coloration 35
2.6 The ecology of disruption 36
2.7 Unresolved issues and future challenges 39
3 Countershading 41
3.1 What is countershading? 41
3.2 Examples and taxonomic distribution of countershading camouflage 43
3.3 Countershading camouflage mechanisms 45
3.4 Evolution 50
3.5 Costs of countershading and counterillumination camouflage 51
3.6 Developmental genetics of countershading 51
3.7 The evolutionary ecology of countershading 52
3.8 Countering countershading and counterillumination adaptations 54
3.9 Unresolved issues and future challenges 55
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