Table Of ContentJournal ofthe Bombay Natural HistorySociety, 104 (3), Sep-Dec2007 298-310
AVIFAUNA OFTHEANDAMAN ISLANDS: PRELIMINARY INVENTORY
AND DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS'
PriyaDavidar2-5, K. Yoganand3,T. Ganesh4and K. GeethaNayak2-6
'AcceptedAugust30, 2007
departmentofEcologyandEnvironmentalSciences,Pondicherry University, Kalapet,Pondicherry605014.India.
^WildlifeInstituteofIndia, PostBag# 18,Chandrabani,Dehradun248001,Uttarakhand,India. Email: [email protected]
4ATREE,659,5,hAMain, Hebbal. Bengaluru560024, Karnataka, India.Email: [email protected]
5Email:[email protected]
6Email: [email protected]
The distribution of78 species ofresident birds from 27 families was recorded during a survey of45 islands in the
Andamans.Thespeciesrichnessofbirdsineach site wasrecordedbyrepeated walksalongtransectsuntil the species
accumulation curve reached an asymptote. Species restricted to largerislands were not recorded on smaller islands.
ThenumberofspeciesinthedifferentislandsgroupssuchastheNorth,Middle,SouthandLittleAndamanislands,did
notdifferappreciably. Frugivores andomnivorestendedtohave awiderdistributionthanraptors, whichtendedtobe
restricted to larger islands. This database will provide a baseline with which to compare species distributions in the
future.
Keywords: Andaman islands, avifauna, biodiversity assessment, island biogeography, species distribution
INTRODUCTION Davidaretal. (1995, 1996, 2001 and 2002) and Devy etal.
(1998) conducted ecological surveys of forest birds and
Species on islands are more vulnerable to extinction butterfliesin theAndamangroupinthe 1990s.Theyshowed
than those oncontinents because besides factors such as the that there is a latitudinal gradient in habitat diversity, with
smallpopulationsizeofislandspeciesandlowerchancesfor the southernmost islands in the Andaman group having a
immigration or recolonisation of islands, they have usually higher proportion of evergreen forests than the northern
evolved in isolation in a less complex ecosystem (e.g., with islands.They demonstratedthatislandsize and thepresence
fewer predators, diseases and competitors), and therefore ofevergreenforestssignificantlyinfluencedspeciesrichness.
cannot face the multiple threats caused by humans. Many The larger islands had more species, and rarer species, than
birdsendemictoislandshavegoneextinctduetohabitatloss, didsmallislands.Theavifaunaofsmallerislandswasanested
introduced diseases and introduced species (Pimm et al. subset ofthose on larger islands. Therefore, they suggested
1995). Developing biodiversity inventories and monitoring that conservation efforts should be focused on protecting
changes in fauna can help to identify rare and threatened forests on large islands, and evergreen forests in particular
species, and those with declining populations. should be prioritisedforconservationefforts.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which lie off An omitho-geographic analysis on the Andaman and
mainland India, have a rich biota which is facing serious NicobaravifaunawasconductedbyRipleyandBeehler(1989),
threatsduetoincreasinghumanpressure anddevelopmental who concluded that the avifauna of the Andamans were
activities(Whitaker 1985; Saldanha 1989; Pandeetal. 1991; predominantlyalliedtothatofMyanmar,whereastheNicobar
Davidar et al. 1995). Therefore, documentation of the avifaunawasasubsetoftheavifaunaoftheAndamanIslands.
distributionalpatternsofspecieswillprovideinformationthat Inthisstudy,wepresentapreliminaryisland-wiseinventoryof
can be used for immediate conservation action and for theavifaunaoftheAndamanIslands, withparticularemphasis
monitoring species over time. In this study, we provide onforestbirds.Weassessedtheproportionofislandsonwhich
informationonthepatternsofbirddistributionintheAndaman eachspecieswasdistributedwithregardtoislandsize,location
Islands and interpret the results in the light ofconservation and the smallest island on which it was recorded. We also
priorities. assessed whether the distribution patterns of foraging guilds
PioneeringsurveysconductedbyAbdulali(1964, 1981) differed withregardtoislandsize andlocation.
on the avifauna ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands helped to
set up the foundation for more detailed assessments. Ripley STUDYAREA
and Beehler (1989) analysed the avifauna from an omitho-
geographical perspective and listed 104 species ofbreeding The Andaman Islands lie between 10° 30'-13° 41' N
birds.Theseinclude 18endemicspeciesand86endemicraces. and 92° 12'-93° 57' E, offthe coast ofsouth-eastAsia in the
AVIFAUNAOFTHEANDAMAN ISLANDS
Bay ofBengal. The northernmost islands are about 285 km Islandssampled
from Myanmar, and the southernmost is Little Andaman Forty-fiveislandsintheAndamangroupweresurveyed
Island,locatedbetweentheAndamangroupandtheNicobars. during the dry season, from February to May in 1992 and
Mostofthe landareaoftheAndamansconsistsoffive large 1993andinFebruaryof1994.Alistofislandssurveyedalong
and contiguous islands. North Andaman Island, Middle with their area in sq. km is given in Table 1. This survey
Andaman Island, Baratang, South Andaman Island and covered all the large islands, from NorthAndaman Islandin
Rutland. The Little Andamans, anotherlarge island is about the north to Little Andaman Island in the south, and most
100kmsouthofSouthAndamanislandandisseparatedfrom islands in the associated archipelagos (Davidaretal. 1995).
the Nicobars, which lie further south by the 140 km wide Fordetailsofthesurveymethodologyseeearlierpublications
10degree channel. (Davidaretal. 1995, 1996, 2001,2002).
The climate is tropical and oceanic with rainfall The South Andamans and the Fabyrinth Archipelago
fromboththeSouthwestandNortheastmonsoonwinds.The were surveyed from February to May 1992. Baratang,
averageannualrainfallisabout3,000mm(Pandeetal. 1991), Ritchie’s archipelago and seven islands off the North
increasing from the northern to the southern islands Andamans were surveyed from February to May 1993, and
(Ellis 1989). This results in a north-south vegetation North Andaman Island and eleven associated islands were
gradient with predominantly drier forests in the northern surveyed in February 1994. Little Andaman Island was
islands and wetter forests in the southern islands surveyed in 1992 and 1994.
(Davidaretal. 2002).Evergreenforestsareusuallyconfined To facilitate data analysis we categorised the islands
to large and medium sized islands, except towards the by location: the North Andamans, Middle Andamans and
south where some small islands have evergreen forest; Baratang,SouthAndamansandLittleAndamanisland.Each
otherwise most small islands have dry forests (Davidar island was classified as large (>20 sq. km), medium (10 to
etal. 1995, 2002). 19 sq. km), small (0.1 to 9 sq. km) or very small (<0.1 sq.
km). There were 8 large islands, ranging from Peel (23 sq.
METHODS km) to South Andaman island (>1000 sq. km), 7 medium
islandsrangingfromTarmugli (11.5 sq. km)toLong(14sq.
Bird survey km), 25 small islands, ranging from Jolly Buoy (0.12 sq.
The sampling was focused on forest birds, and km) to Paget (4 sq. km), and 5 very small islands (Table 1).
thereforethesamplingeffortwasconcentratedwithininland We looked at the proportionate occurrence of species on
forestedhabitats,andthereforemangroves,swamps,mudflats island groups, and different island size categories. The
and inland waterways, and nocturnal species were under smallestislandonwhichaspeciestendedtooccurwasnoted,
sampled. However,weareincludingallrecordsinthispaper and the minimum area requirements for all species were
as adatabase forfuturereference. estimated. The species recorded on all island sizes were
A bird list for each island was compiled based on categorisedas“all”.Welookedatthedistributionofspecies
sightings along line transects. The number of transects in different foraging guilds with regard to island location
depended on the size of the island, and several sites were and island size.
sampled on the large islands, whereas the entire area was
covered incaseofsmall islands. Ineach site, the numberof RESULTS
habitats was assessed and transects were walked in each
habitat type in the mornings starting at dawn. Aspecies list Our inventory included 78 species ofbirds belonging
for each island was compiled based on the transect walks. to 27 families from 45 islands of different size categories
Allbirdsseen andheardwererecordedand identifiedusing (Appendices 1-3).Thirtyofthese species werenotincluded
Ali and Ripley (1987), and King et al. (1975). Casual inourearlierpublications (Davidaretal. 1995, 1996, 2001,
sightings ofbirds were also usedtocompile the species list 2002)becauseoursurveyhadfocusedondiurnalforestbirds
ofeach island. andtheseadditionalspecieswerenocturnalspecies,werenot
Weplacedspeciesinaforagingguild,i.e. insectivore, primarilyforestdwellingorwerewetlandavifauna. Someof
frugivore,raptor,basedonobservationsandfieldnotesfrom therarerecordswereontheNorthAndamangroupofislands.
AliandRipley(1987)andDavidaretal. (1996).Weclassified The species distribution ofbirds on islands indicated
birds ofprey as raptors rather than carnivores based on the that20specieswerefoundinfewerthan5islands,andfewer
conventional usage of the term raptors to describe than5specieswerefoundonover40islands(Fig. 1).Twenty-
carnivorousbirds. seven species (34%) were recorded on islands of all size
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 104 (3), Sep-Dec 2007 299
AVIFAUNA OFTHE ANDAMAN ISLANDS
Table 1: Area in sq.km ofthe islands surveyed
Island Area (sq. km) Island size
category
SouthAndamans 1,348 L
NorthAndamans 1,128 L
LittleAndamans 675 L
Baratang 230 L
Rutland 116 L
Havelock 92 L
John Lawrence 35 L
Peel 23 L
Long 14 M
Wilson 14 M
Landfall 13 M
North Passage 13 M
Sound 12.7 M
Neil 12.6 M
Tarmugli 11.5 M
Paget 4 S
Alexandria 3.6 S classes (Table 3). The majority ofspecies were restricted to
North Reef 3.4 S
Red Skin 3.3 S islandsofparticularsizeclasses(Table3).Fiftyspecies(64%)
East 3 S were not found on islands <0.1 sq. km in area. Five species
Nicholson 1.8 S (6%)wererecordedonlyonislands>10sq.kmand 11 species
NInogrltish Cinque 11..46 SS (14%) on islands >20 sq. kmin area.
The distribution ofguilds was strongly influenced by
Guitar 1 S
Point 0.8 S island size rather than by island location (Tables 2 and 4).
Malay 0.7 S Similar numbers of species were recorded in the different
Reef 0.6 S islandgroups,butLittleAndamanshadslightlyfewerspecies
Hugh Rose 0.6 S
Delgarno 0.5 S thantheotherislandgroups,probablybecauseofitsisolation.
Twins 0.44 S Frugivores and omnivores tended to occur on islands ofall
Middle Button 0.4 S sizes(Table4),whereasraptorstendedtoberestrictedtolarger
Excelsior 0.4 S islands. Afew species ofinsectivores and piscivores tended
Ross(NA) 0.3 S
Ross(SA) 0.28 S to occuronly on large islands (Table 4).
Pocock 0.25 S
Aves 0.25 S DISCUSSION
North Button 0.25 S
Snob 0.22 S
Our assessment of bird distributions in the Andaman
Turtle 0.13 S
JollyBuoy 0.12 S Islands indicates that the majority ofspecies were restricted
Chester 0.09 VS to larger than smaller islands. This supports our earlier
Curlew 0.07 vs observations that bird distributions in the Andaman Islands
Temple 0.06 vs
Egg 0.06 vs are strongly influencedby island size (Davidaretal. 2001).
Grub 0.03 vs Ripley and Beehler (1989) stated that the avifauna of the
Andamans is a subset of that of Myanmar and consists
L-Large, M-Medium, S-Small, VS-Verysmall predominantly of widespread colonising species with high
dispersal ability. Our study shows that many species do not
Table2: Numberofspeciesofeachfeedingguild inthefourislandgroups
Islandgroup Frugivore Granivore Insectivore Nectarivore Omnivore Piscivore Raptor
North 10 4 29 1 5 5 9
South 13 3 29 1 5 6 9
Middle 12 5 29 1 5 6 7
Little 11 2 23 1 4 5 8
300 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.f 104 (3), Sep-Dec 2007
AVIFAUNAOFTHEANDAMAN ISLANDS
Table3: Percentageofbirdsofeachspecies recordedon45 islandsofdifferentsizeclasses
andminimumarearequirementsofspecies
Islandsizecategory
Family/Scientificname Commonname Large Medium Small Very Minimum
(>20sq.km) (10-19sq.km) (0.1 sq.km) Small Islandarea
(N=8) (N=7) (N=25) (<0.1 sq.km) requirements
(N=5) (sq.km)
Accipitridae
Accipternisus EurasianSparrow-Hawk 37.5 0 0 0 >20
Acciptervirgatus BesraSparrow-hawk 100 42.86 12 0 >0.1
Avicedaleuphotes Black Baza 87.5 42.86 4 0 >0.1
Haliaeetusleucogaster White-belliedSeaEagle 100 85.71 44 0 >0.1
Spilornischeela CrestedSerpent-Eagle 100 71.43 28 0 >0.1
Spilorniselgini AndamanSerpent-Eagle 100 100 36 12.5 All
Spizaetuscirrhatus ChangeableHawk-Eagle 87.5 57.14 24 0 >0.1
Alcedinidae
Atcedoatthis CommonKingfisher 37.5 0 8 0 >0.1
Todiramphuschloris CollaredKingfisher 100 100 28 12.5 All
Halcyoncoromanda RuddyKingfisher 0 0 24 12.5 All
Halcyonpileata Black-cappedKingfisher 12.5 0 8 0 >20
Halcyonsmyrnensis White-throatedKingfisher 100 100 84 50 All
Pelargopsiscapensls Stork-billedKingfisher 100 28.57 24 0 All*
Anatidae
Anasalbogularis AndamanTeal 50 0 4 0 >0.1
Dendrocygnajavanica LesserWhistling-duck 25 0 4 0 >0.1
Apodidae
Hlrundapusgiganteus Brown-throatedNeedletail 100 85.71 20 0 >0.1
Artamidae
Artamusleucorhynchus White-breastedWoodswallow 87.5 100 44 0 >0.1
Burhinidae
Esacusrecurvirostris GreatThick-Knee 0 0 12 0 >0.1
Campephagidae
Coracinadobsonl AndamanCuckooshrike 37.5 0 4 0 >0.1
Coracinamacei LargeCuckooshrike 100 85.71 52 25 All
Pericrocotusspeciosus ScarletMinivet 100 57.14 28 0 >0.1
Pericrocotuscinnamomeus SmallMinivet 100 85.71 76 12.5 All
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgusmacrurus Large-tailedNightjar 100 14.29 12 12.5 All
Eurostopodusmacrotis GreatEared Nightjar 0 14.29 0 0 >10
Columbidae
Caloenasnicobarica NicobarPigeon 0 0 4 0 >0.1
Chalcophapsindica EmeraldDove 100 85.71 48 12.5 All
Columbapalumboldes AndamanWood Pigeon 62.5 42.86 8 0 >0.1
Duculaaenea Green ImperialPigeon 100 85.71 68 12.5 All
Duculabicolor Pied Imperial Pigeon 50 0 4 0 >0.1
Macropygiarufipennis AndamanCuckoo Dove 100 28.57 28 0 >0.1
Streptopeliadecaocto EurasianCollared-Dove 25 0 0 0 >20
Streptopeliatranquebarica RedCollared-Dove 12.5 28.57 0 0 >10
Treronchloropterus AndamanGreen-Pigeon 100 100 56 0 >0.1
Coraciidae
Eurystomusorientalis Dollarbird 87.5 71.43 16 0 >0.1
Corvidae
Corvusculminatus Large-billedCrow 25 28.57 16 0 >0.1
Dendrocittabayleyi AndamanTreepie 87.5 14.29 4 0 >0.1
Pachycephalagrisola MangroveWhistler 100 100 88 12.5 All
Cuculidae
Cacomantissonneratii Banded BayCuckoo 12.5 0 0 0 >20
Centropusandamanensis AndamanCoucal 100 100 68 0 >0.1
Chrysococcyx VioletCuckoo 50 14.29 0 0 >10
xanthorhynchus
Cuculusmlcropterus IndianCuckoo 100 42.86 4 0 >0.1
Eudynamysscolopacea Asian Koel 100 85.71 40 0 All*
Dicaeidae
Dicaeumminullum PlainFlowerpecker 100 100 64 37.5 All
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 104 (3), Sep-Dec 2007 301
AVIFAUNAOFTHE ANDAMAN ISLANDS
Table3: Percentageofbirdsofeach species recorded on45 islands ofdifferentsizeclasses
and minimum area requirementsofspecies contd
( .)
Island sizecategory
Family/Scientificname Common name Large Medium Small Very Minimum
(>20 sq.km) (10-19 sq.km) (0.1 sq.km) Small Island area
(N=8) (N=7) (N=25) (<0.1 sq.km) requirements
(N=5) (sq.km)
Dicruridae
Dicrurusandamanensis Andaman Drongo 100 57.14 28 0 >0.1
Dicrurusparadiseus GreaterRacket-tailedDrongo 100 100 64 50 All
Irenidae
Irenapuella Asian FairyBluebird 100 100 80 12.5 All
Laniidae
Lanluscristatus BrownShrike 50 0 0 0 >20
Meropidae
Meropsleschenaultii Chestnut-headedBee-eater 100 100 60 25 All
Meropsphllipplnus Blue-tailedBee-eater 12.5 0 0 0 >20
Monarchinae
Hypothymisazurea Black-naped BlueMonarch 100 100 80 25 All
Terpsiphoneparadlsi AsianParadise-Flycatcher 50 14.29 4 0 >0.1
Muscicapidae
Copsychusmalabaricus White-rumpedShama 75 57.14 4 0 >0.1
Copsychussaularls Oriental MagpieRobin 100 100 92 37.5 All
Muscicapadauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher 12.5 14.29 4 0 >0.1
Nectarinidae
Cinnyrisjugularis Olive-backedSunbird 100 100 96 62.5 All
Oriolidae
Orlolusxanthornus Black-hoodedOriole 62.5 0 0 0 >20
Orioluschlnensls Black-napedOriole 100 100 92 12.5 All
Picidae
Dryocopushodgei AndamanWoodpecker 100 71.43 20 0 >0.1
Dryocopusjavanensis White-belliedWoodpecker 100 71.43 24 0 >0.1
Dendrocopusmacei Fulvous-breastedPied 100 100 60 0 All*
Woodpecker
Ploceidae
Lonchurastriata White-rumpedMunia 37.5 28.57 0 0 >10
Psittacidae
Loriculusvernalis Vernal Hanging Parrot 100 100 80 50 All
Psittaculaalexandri Red-breastedParakeet 100 100 32 12.5 All
Psittaculaeupatria AlexandrineParakeet 100 85.71 64 12.5 All
Psittaculalongicauda Long-tailedParakeet 100 85.71 60 0 >0.1
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotusatriceps Black-headedBulbul 87.5 42.86 4 0 >0.1
Pycnonotusjocosus Red-whiskeredBulbul 100 100 96 62.5 All
Railidae
Amaurornispheonicurus White-breastedWaterhen 25 0 0 0 >20
Rallinacanningi AndamanCrake 12.5 0 0 0 >20
Strigidae
Ninoxscutulata Brown HawkOwl 50 0 0 0 >20
Tytoalba BarnOwl 25 0 0 12.5 >20
Sturnidae
Aplonispanayensis AsianGlossyStarling 100 85.71 56 0 >0.1
Graculareligiosa Common Hill Myna 100 85.71 56 0 >0.1
Sturniaerythropygia AndamanWhite-headedStarling 100 100 72 12.5 All
Sylviinae
Cettiapallidipes Pale-footedBush-Warbler 62.5 14.29 4 0 >0.1
Turdinae
Saxicolatorquatus CommonStonechat 0 0 4 0 >10
Zootheracitrlna Orange-headedThrush 75 71.43 56 0 >0.1
Zosteropidae
Zosteropspalpebrosus White-eye 100 100 92 12.5 All
‘Speciesrecorded incasualsightingsonall islands(Davidarpers. obs.)
302 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 104 (3), Sep-Dec 2007
AVIFAUNA OFTHE ANDAMAN ISLANDS
Table4: Smallest island size (sq. km) in whichthe different unpredictablewerewidelydistributedonislandsofallsizes.
feedingguildswere recorded Frugivorestendtobeverymobileandflyoverlargedistances
in search offruiting trees.
Feeding Island size
category Certain species were only recorded on large islands,
>20 >10 >0.1 All islands regardless of feeding category. These species might be
sq. km sq. km sq. km
specialisedtoparticularhabitatsfoundpredominantlyonlarger
Frugivore 0 0 7 6 islands,suchasthewetevergreenforests.Wefoundthatmany
Granivore 1 2 1 1 species,suchasColumbapalumboides,Macropygiarufipennis,
Insectivore 4 3 17 9 TreronpompadoraandGraculareligiosawereassociatedwith
Nectarivore 0 0 0 1 wetevergreenforests(Yoganand andDavidar2000),andare
Omnivore 0 0 2 2
Piscivore 3 0 5 5 therefore not likely to be recorded on smaller islands that
Raptor 3 0 5 1 tendtohave scrubby ordry vegetation.
In conclusion, assessing the distributions of birds
occuronsmallerislands,probablyduetotheabsenceoftheir on islands can provide insights into the factors that govern
preferred habitat. The avifauna on the small and very small their distribution. This database can provide baseline
islandstendstoconsistofvagrantsthatarewidelydistributed information with which to record changes in species
across all habitat types (Davidar et al. 1995, 2001, 2002; distributionsinthefuture,andthushasenormousimportance
Yoganand and Davidar2000). forconservation.
The restricted distribution of many species might be
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
duetolowdispersal abilityorthe inabilityofsmallerislands
to support viable populations ofcertain species.The raptors
that are at the top of the food chain, and occur at lower Thisstudy wasfundedby agrantfromtheMinistryof
densities, were less common on smaller islands (Thiollay Environment, France. We thank Dr. J.M. Thiollay for
1997). It is quite possible that small islands are not able to guidanceandhelpwiththeavifaunalsurveys,andNirajJoshi
supportviablepopulationsofraptors,whereasfrugivoresthat forhelpwithfieldwork.TheFrench InstituteofPondicherry
depend on a resource that is spatially and temporally provided logistical support and facilities.
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All S.A. & S.D. Ripley (1987): Handbook ofthe Birds ofIndia and Lexington,MA.480pp.
Pakistan. 2nd Compact Edn. Oxford University Press, New Pande,P.A.,A.Kotharj&S.Singh(1991):DirectoryofNationalParks
Delhi. and Sanctuaries in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. IIPA, New
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AVIFAUNA OFTHE ANDAMAN ISLANDS
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1 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 104 (3), Sep-Dec 2007 30'
