avifauna diversity in kangean archipelago keragaman burung di kepulauan kangean

20 Pages·2017·0.65 MB·Indonesian

Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141
Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
AVIFAUNA DIVERSITY IN KANGEAN ARCHIPELAGO

KERAGAMAN BURUNG DI KEPULAUAN KANGEAN

Mohammad Irham

Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI
Gedung Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911
e-mail: [email protected]

(diterima September 2016, direvisi Oktober 2016, disetujui November 2016)

ABSTRAK
Penelitian avifauna di Kepulauan Kangean dilakukan antara 2007-2008. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui
jumlah jenis dan keragaman komunitas burung di berbagai tipe habitat utama. Tiga metode yang diterapkan dalam
penelitian ini yaitu observasi oportunistik, titik hitung dan penangkapan dengan jaring kabut. Setiap metode saling
melengkapi untuk mendapatkan daftar jenis burung yang komprehensif. Penelitian dengan menggunakan titik hitung
bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman komunitas burung. Sebanyak 82 spesies burung ditemukan dimana beberapa jenis
terutama burung-burung bermigrasi ditemukan sebagai catatan baru. Keanekaragaman tertinggi ditemukan di habitat
alami, yaitu hutan alam (28 spesies, Shannon index = 3.07), daerah terbuka (32 spesies, Shannon index = 3.18) dan ba-
kau/ hutan pantai (34 spesies, Shannon index = 3.09). Keanekaragaman burung yang miskin di perkebunan jati dengan
hanya 26 spesies (Shannon index = 2.86). Ancaman terhadap burung di Pulau Kangean sangat nyata pada burung-burung
berkicau seperti kucica hutan dan tiong emas. Jenis tersebut hampir tidak ditemui selama survei. Kangean memiliki
jumlah jenis lebih banyak daripada yang telah diketahui sebelumnya, namun demikian perburuan dan penebangan liar
menjadi ancaman serius bagi keberadaannya.

Kata Kunci: Kangean, keanekaragaman jenis, catatan baru, hutan alam, perkebunan jati, Shannon index.

ABSTRACT
Research on the avifauna of Kangean Archipelago were conducted between 2007-2008. Objective of the studies were to
obtain new data on the species numbers and community diversity at the main islands in various types of habitat. Three
methods were applied i.e. opportunistic observation, point counts and mist netting. Each method would be complemen-
tary in order to get a complete list of Kangean avifauna, while point counts were intended to be used for community di-
versity study. A total of 82 species were recorded from which some of them especially migrating birds were new to the
island. The richest diversity was found in natural habitat i.e. natural forest (28 species, Shannon index = 3.07), open area
(32 species, Shannon index = 3.18) and mangrove (34 species, Shannon index = 3.09). Avian diversity was poor at teak
plantation with only 26 species observed (Shannon index = 2.86). The threats to avian communities were apparent at song
birds such as white-rumped shama and hill mynah. Those birds were hardly encountered during the survey. To be con-
cluded, Kangean archipelago were richer in avifauna diversity than previously known, however hunting pressure and
illegal logging might become serious threats to its existence.

Keywords: Kangean, diversity, new record, natural forest, teak plantation, Shannon index
INTRODUCTION Kangayan Sub-District on the East Kangean,
The Kangean Archipelago are a group and Sapeken Sub-District on the eastern small
of small islands situated between 115°11’-116° islands of Kangean. Kangayan Sub-District is
16’E and 6°30’-7°12’S (Fig. 1). They are ap- a newly formed district. It was just recently
proximately 120 km east of Madura and 120 splitted from Arjasa Sub-District to accelerate
km north of Bali. The archipelago consists of the development of East Kangean. Meanwhile,
some 30 islands with Kangean Island as the forested area in Kangean Islands, with the ex-
largest at 48,700 ha. Administratively, ception of Saobi that is managed by PHKA,
Kangean consists of three sub-districts; those are under management of Perum Perhutani
are Arjasa Sub-District on the West Kangean, Unit II of East Java.
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Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
Mohammad Irham
Kangean
Figure 1. Map showing location of Kangean Archipelago and major study sites (red dots).
Geographically, Kangean Island is a son 2003). This communities reflect the depau-
rugged island with hilly contour especially at perated condition from those of birds in Java;
the central ridge. The western half of the north meanwhile there was only a single species of
coast is bordered by sandy beach, while the Wallacean origin present on the island which
eastern half and part of the southern section are was Orange-footed Scrubfowl. Kangean show
bordered by vast area of mudflat and fringed by just a little less proportion of endemic species
a coral reef. Kangean has a climate of tropical in comparison to Java endemic; by which
monsoon forest (de Iongh et al. 1982, Silvius & Kangean has 9% and Java has 11% of endemics
Taufik 1989). The central part of Kangean Is- birds (Irham & Marakarmah 2009, Sukmantoro
land, which is situated at the hilly area, is cov- dkk. 2007). Therefore by having endemic spe-
ered by a tropical forest in which decorated by cies regardless its subspecies status the islands
Canarium vulgare, Schleicheria oleosa, Grewia hold significant value and is warranted as Se-
eriocarpa, and Kleinhovia hospital among o- condary Area of Restricted-Range Species by
thers. Whereas the surrounding area on flat ter- BirdLife (BirdLife International 2003).
rain the vegetation are replaced by huge area of Birds communities in Kangean face
teak plantation The southern part of P. Kangean greater threats than continental communities.
is covered by mangrove forest dominated by The forest cover have changed rapidly over
Rhizophora sp., Brugueira sp., Ceriop tagal, years. Kangean and Sepanjang, the two biggest
Avecenia sp., Sonneratia acida and Calophyl- islands, lost around 26 – 28 km2 its natural fo-
lum inophyllum (Silvius & Taufik 1989, Syukri rest due to expansion of agricultural land and
2000). teak plantation. In addition, illegal logging that
The bird communities in Kangean is- targeted not only teak but also forest timber was
lands have been studied since 1892. A total of rampant as during the periods of November-
113 species are present from which 11 subspe- Desember 2010 as many as 4000 trunks of teak
cies are recognized as endemic (Irham & Mara- and other forest species were transported out of
karmah 2009, Hartert 1902, Vordermann 1893, the island every day (tempointeractive 2010).
Hoogerwerf 1954 & Hoogerwerf 1962, Dickin- As an island population, they are prone
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Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
to extinction due to their smaller range of habi- at five main sites. Three study sites were loca-
tat therefore susceptible to have greater impact ted at the central ridge of Kangean i.e. G. Ta-
from any catastrophic event, habitat alteration langkobeto (S 06°55.341’- E 115°32.385’, natu-
and destruction, forest fragmentation, hunting ral forest), G. Ngeteng-Tembayangan (S 06°
and invasive species (Rodriguez & Cunha 52.496’-E 115°25.028’, natural forest) and G.
2012). There are evidences of that where is- Moncong (S 06°52.673’-E 115°26.833’, natural
lands species immediately extinct after environ- forest). The other sites were located at the lower
mental changes from both natural or anthropo- elevation i.e. Tembayangan (S 06°52.942’-E
genic cause (Blackburn et al. 2004, Morrison et 115°24.737’, teak forest), Kaletek-Aingkokap
al. 2011). In addition, the legal standing of fo- (S 06°51.701’- E 115°24.481’, natural forest),
rest protection is very limited to protected forest Jukong-jukong (S 06°50.996’- E 115°25.938’,
except in Saobi Island where some of area is teak forest), Patapan (S 06°55.981’- E 115°
protected as nature reserve. 34.536’, open area and mangrove/beach forest),
In order to conserve Kangean avifauna, and Cangkramaan (S 06°54.292’-E 115°
proper management should be planned and car- 25.906’, open area and mangrove/beach forest).
ried out by the local authorities. Some basic
data would be needed to support conservation Data acquisition
plan. Therefore, the objective of this study is to I applied three methods in order to ob-
provide data on Kangean avifauna, specifically: tain a comprehensive bird list i.e. opportunistic
(1) the current condition of avifauna diversity; surveys, point count and mist-netting (Bibby et
and (2) community diversity between habitat al. 1998, Allen et al. 2006). Most fieldwork was
types. By utilizing those data, hopefully the carried out opportunistically to allow as many
local authority can set up conservation priority species as possible to be found. I searched for
that can be synchronized with the target of the birds in a range of terrestrial habitat following
production forest. main roads, tracks, and forest trails across the
area. Upon an encounter with birds, the follow-
RESEARCH METHODS ing data were collected i.e. species, number of
Study Sites individuals, habitat type, behavior, and location.
I visited the islands four times during If possible, birds calls were recorded and photo-
2007-2008. I went to Kangean in March-April graphed were taken. Birds calls or sound were
2007 and August-September 2007; then I con- useful to identified unseen birds.
tinued to Sepanjang in June-July 2008 and Pali- In order to get more information on
at in December 2008. General inventories were recent situation of bird communities, local peo-
made during all visits, however, systematic ple also were interviewed and shown pictures of
study of avian diversity was conducted only in birds. Fieldworks started at 05.30 – 18.00 eve-
Kangean Island during 2007 period. ryday. For bird identification, I refer to
Avian diversity studies were carried out MacKinnon (1997) and Sonobe & Usui (1993).
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Mohammad Irham
I followed Dickinson (2003) for English and For evaluating bird species richness
scientific names of birds. and completeness of point counts, non-
As for quantitative avifauna communi- parametric species richness estimators (ACE,
ty comparison study, I surveyed birds collated ICE, Chao1, Chao2, Jack1, Jack2, Bootstrap)
from point observation in different habitats and curve models (MMRuns, MMMeans)
(Bibby et al. 1998, Allen et al. 2006). These were used (Colwell 2005). To quantify index
methods were carried three days in each loca- of diversity and similarity index, Shannon and
tion altogether with mistnetting. Sampling Jaccard index was applied respectively (Krebs
sites for diversity studies where chose based 1989, Colwell 2005).
on vegetation characteristic that categorized as Comparison of avian communities
natural forest, teak forest, mangrove and open between habitat types was examined by
area. Natural forest is defined as the interior ANOSIM (Oksanen et al. 2015). All data were
forest that dominated by wild plants or trees checked whether or not they departed signifi-
and it received less influence done by human cantly from a normal distribution. If the data
activities. Teak forest is a forested area in was not normally distributed, it was trans-
which teak timber is planted and managed by formed to approach a normal distribution more
human. Mangrove forest is natural forest along closely (Sokal & Rohlf 1995). Statistical anal-
coastal area. Beach forest is included in this ysis conducted with SPSS software (SPSS Inc.
category. Open area is a habitat dominated by 2002). The abundance of birds was taken as
shrubs or bushes and it cover both natural the maximum number of individual of a spe-
grassland and artificial environment such as cies present in each habitat types during the
paddy field and fish ponds. three observations periods (Nur et al. 1999).
The numbers of point of observation To quantify index of diversity and similarity
for each habitat category were as followed 25 index, Shannon-Wiener and Jaccard index was
for natural forest, 20 for teak forest, 15 for applied respectively (Krebs 1989).
open area and 15 for beach/mangrove. The
observation was made at 25 m radius circular
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
station in 10 m. The distance between stations
Species account
was around 200 m apart.
I recorded as many as 82 species from

Kangean Archipelago (Appendix 1). General
Analysis
information on that finding had been pub-
Bird diversity was analyzed only
lished in Irham & Marakarmah 2009. Hereaf-
based on the data obtained from point counts.
ter, specific informations were presented. Of
Data from mistnetting were used together with
those records, some species were newly re-
opportunistic observations as annotated spe-
corded for the island of Kangean such as Arc-
cies checklist.
tic Leaf-Warbler (Phylloscopus borealis),
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Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus cir- THRESKIORNITHIDAE
rhatus), Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis
ptilorhynchos) and Eastern Marsh-Harrier Protected by Indonesian Law
(Circus spilonotus). All subspecies endemic to Only one specimen is available which
Kangean such as Red-breasted Parakeet was collected by Hoogerwerf in September 29,
(Psittacula alexandri kangeanensis), Javan 1954 in Kalisangka, Kangean Island. Judging
Frogmouth (Batrachostomus javensis longi- from habitat deterioration on that place, I pre-
caudatus), Greater Goldenback sumed that local population was expatriated or
(Chrysocolaptes lucidus kangeanensis) and moved to another site within the islands.
Green-billed Malkoha (Rhopodytes tristis
kangeansis) were also observed. A bird from ACCIPITRIDAE
Wallacean area, Orange-Footed Scrubfowl Pandion haliaeetus Osprey
(Megapodius reinwardt), was seen in Saobi. Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian
Scrubfowl is known to be absent from Law
Kangean, however a mound like structure was All Osprey observed throughout field-
found near Talangkobeto. According to local works were presumed to be resident birds in-
helper the mound was likely an abandon stead of migrants from boreal regions. More-
scrubfowl nest. over, pair consists of an adult and juvenile Os-
I presented comprehensive infor- prey was observed on the coastal and man-
mation on species that has been documented grove area of Saobi Island, Sepanjang Island,
in Kangean Archipelago having special inte- and southern Kangean.
rest from an ornithological perspective and
conservation. I marked species that bear con- Elanus caeruleus Black-winged Kite
servation status such as Indonesian protected Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian
species, IUCN and CITES appendices. Law
Two specimens were collected by
NON-PASSERIFORMES Hoogerwerf in 1954 at Bujutan, North-western
CICONIIDAE Kangean. However, they presence were not
Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant mentioned by Nijman (2004). None of the in-
Vulnerable, Protected by Indonesian Law dividuals were observed in Kangean Island.
This species was known from Paliat Five individuals were recorded in Sepanjang
Island only based on observation report by and three individuals were seen in Paliat. They
Nurwatha (1996). Some information on the were observed while hunting and perching on
presence of this bird was also given by locals. the open land. They were frequently seen in
pairs.
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Mohammad Irham
Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea- uleu Island ( West of Sumatra) and Lesser
eagle Sundas are the only island population in Indo-
Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian nesia (Dickinson 2003).
Law Call was heard during morning obser-
Several individual including sub- vation on 27 August 2007 at natural forest of
adults were recorded in southern Kangean, and G. Ngeteng, Tembayangan. A short recording
all visited island. They were observed a long was made for several seconds. A few minutes
the coastal area of the islands. later, from forest opening, about a half km
from the place where calls were heard, I got
Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite one sighting of an adult Changeable Hawk-
Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Eagle soaring over forest canopy.
Law From call and sighting, I estimated
They were the most common bird of there were probably two individuals of
preys in Kangean Archipelago. They were Changeable Hawk-Eagle present at G.
frequently observed as single bird and a flock Ngeteng-Tembayangan because the first calls
of five to seven individuals. During these detected was typically begging calls of juve-
fieldworks, all flocks were consisting of adults nile while another individual sought was an
and sub-adults. Brahminy Kites were observed adult. This was the only encountered with
almost in all parts of the island not only on the Changeable Hawk-eagle.
mangrove and coastal area where they usually
went hunting but also at natural forest on the Falco moluccensis Spotted Kestrel
central ridge of the island. Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian
Law
Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle Spotted Kestrel is rather common in
Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Kangean. Locals know them as the fast flier.
Law Most of the time, they were seen in pairs in all
On Java or other continental islands, parts of the island but coastal and mangrove
Changeable Hawk-eagle inhabits primary or forest.
secondary forest and hunts for preys on vari-
ous type of habitats. They are mostly seen Pernis ptilorhyncus Oriental Honey-
around mountainous area, they frequently fly buzzard
to lower altitude. It is known as vocal raptors Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian
due to frequent calls and shrieks during fly or Law, Migrant
perch. They have never been recorded on the A single individual was first detected
small islands especially around Java Sea fly along the coast of eastern Kangean. Clear
(Nijman 2004). To date population of Sime- observations were obtained at the neighbour-
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Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
ing island, Paliat, on the next subsequent days. tert from East of Kangean and three specimens
A single individual of Oriental Honey-buzzard were collected by Hoogerwerf at Bujutan
was observed soaring above teak forest that (Hoogerwerf 1962). None was observed du-
mix with paddy field in the morning around ring this researches.
10.00 and it being mobbed by Hair-crested Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling
Drongo. Another individual was recorded in Duck
the morning, perched on tree at natural forest Two pairs were recorded, once at the
of western Paliat. Again, because of the dron- mudflat of Patapan and another at Paliat,
gos it flew away. It was clearly seen that this mixed with a group of Sunda Teal.
bird used Kangean as wintering ground. Hoogerwerf collected two specimens from
Saebus and Sepanjang Island (Hoogerwerf
Circus spilonotus Eastern Marsh-harrier 1962).
Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian
Law, Migrant MEGAPODIDAE
A flock of eight individuals was ob- Megapodius reinwardt Orange-footed Mega-
served fly low on the coastal area of western pode
Kangean. They arrived from south-west and Protected by Indonesian Law
toward making a landfall flew off to north- Kangean is the only one extended
eastern direction. range within Javan realm of this Wallacean
form. The biggest population is found in Saobi
ANATIDAE and Sepanjang Island. Saobi, which is only
Anas gibberifrons Sunda Teal 430 ha, has the highest density of megapode’s
Sunda Teal has a widespread distribu- mound. On that small island, Orange-footed
tion in Indonesia except Maluku and Papua. Megapode confined only at the south-eastern
They were usually encountered in a pair or in beach forest; and the only remaining forest of
a flock of three to seven individuals as ob- the island. Due to that fact, Saobi was declared
served in Patapan, East Kangean. The num- as protected area. I encountered five individu-
bers could be up to 15 when they gathered on als during a day visit to Saobi.
large mudflat such as one in Paliat. During Sepanjang, the second biggest island,
this study, it seemed that they had a clear pre- is also the main distribution of Orange-footed
ference for mudflat area around mangrove Megapode. They present almost at all area
forest. although the main population is restricted to
the natural forest and teak forest at the eastern
Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck flank of the island. Encountered with this spe-
All previous observers recorded the cies was almost happen every day in Sepan-
presence of this species was recorded by Har- jang although rather difficult to see due to
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Mohammad Irham
their shy behaviour. While they could forage Based on the information from local, the po-
for food not only limited to natural forest but pulation of Green Junglefowl were decreasing
also to teak forest, they still have their mound steadily due to over harvesting.
built around natural forest. Their mounds in
Sepanjang were sparse with the distance CHARADRIIDAE
around 50 m in average between mounds. Charadrius javanicus Javan Plover
The main island, Kangean, is not Migratory
known for being occupied by Orange-footed There are five species of Charadrius
Megapode. The hypothesis regarding the ab- have been recorded in Kangean Archipelago.
sence of Orange-Footed Scrubfowl in And all species have specimens’ representa-
Kangean was due to the occurrence of large tives collected by Hoogerwerf. Javan Plover
predator in bigger island (Decker 1989). How- was previously not recorded. This is the first
ever, an abandoned mound was found on the information on the extended distribution of
way to G. Talangkobeto, central ridge of Javan Plover outside the mainland Java.
Kangean Island.
SCOLOPACIDAE
PHASIANIDAE Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel
Gallus varius Green Junglefowl Migratory
There is only one species of jungle- They are frequently seen and easily
fowl in Kangean which is Green Junglefowl recognized by their long bill and loud calls.
and, unlike its relative Red Junglefowl Whimbrels were presented mostly around
(Nishibori et al. 2006), it is free from natural coastal and mangrove forest during migratory
hybridisation. Male Green Junglefowl from season and took tall trees as their roosting site.
Kangean is very popular and the best stock for They were recorded as a flock from which
being bred with domestic hen to produce could consist up to 30 individuals. Towards
Bekisar breed. Green Junglefowl from Java the end of wintering season, several individu-
mainland and Bali will not give offspring as als stayed longer and were still being seen un-
good as Kangean despite of their same taxo- til July.
nomical status. This is interesting fact due to
particular genetic treats that might be absent Esacus neglectus Beach Thick-knee
in Java and Bali population. Near Threatened, Protected by Indonesian
At present study, I only saw once a Law
group of Green Junglefowl consists of one No single specimen was observed dur-
adult male, four female and the other three ing fieldwork. The only records were from
unidentified sexes. They were foraging on the Hartert (1902) by which collected two individ-
paddy fields southern Tembayangan village. uals from east of Kangean island.
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Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
COLUMBIDAE except Sepanjang Island. Kangean Red-
Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared Dove Breasted Parakeet was firstly described as a
There is only one record provide by distinct population from other islands by
Nurwatha et al. (1996). None were observed Hoogerwerf (1962) ( Sudaryanti et al. 2006).
during present study. I believed that the dove Red-Breasted Parakeet was frequently
observed by Nurwatha was not origin to seen in natural forest and teak forest. They
Kangean and probably caged birds that made a could be found also around villages, especially
way to escape. those directly adjacent to teak forest or natural
forest. The availability of big tree stands were
Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon probably one of the prerequisites habitat com-
Near Threatened, Appendix I CITES, Protect- ponents for Red-Breasted Parakeet to dwell as
ed by Indonesian Law. it reflected on their absences in open and man-
Nicobar Pigeon is a breeding resident grove forest.
and it has a widespread distribution in Indone- Red-Breasted Parakeet was usually
sia especially on the small islands. Mr. found in a flock of three to ten individuals.
Prillwitz collected two male specimens from They would form larger flock to raid corn
east Kangean. Local people in Kangean Island field at the harvesting season. Even so, locals
was not very familiar with this birds but on the did not put special counter measurements to
other islands they knew it well. According to repel them. The population of Red-Breasted
people in Sepanjang, this bird had not been Parakeet in Kangean was rather secured than
seen for quite some times. its other Psittacidae in Indonesia. There were
I did not observe any living specimen no direct persecutions observed on this species
but I found bones of leg tied on trap that could because locals prefer other species such as
be belong to Nicobar Pigeon due to its size Zebra Dove and Hill Myna to be caught and
and features. Moreover, Nicobar Pigeon has sold in Java.
unique behaviour while eating fruits by clean-
ing the area of foraging. I noticed there were CUCULIDAE
several spots that had been used by them in Rhopodytes tristis Green-Billed Malkoha
Sepanjang. The fact that I failed to observed The global distribution of Green-
them due to its low numbers and cryptic. Billed Malkoha is from India to South-East
Asia. In Indonesia, its distribution is disjunct
PSITTACIDAE as they occurred only in Sumatra and
Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted Parakeet Kangean, while this species is altogether ab-
Appendix II CITES sent from Java. Kangean population was sepa-
It is the only parrot inhabits Kangean rable from Sumatran population based on the
Archipelago. They present all over the area larger size, especially on bill and wing, and
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Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago
Mohammad Irham
coloration on the head (Vorderman 1893). In present in Kangean, it should be easy to ob-
Sumatra, they were commonly present in hill serve since they are highly vocal and have
forest at the elevation of 500-1500 m and in habitat preferences as same as Greater Coucal.
Kangean it was said to be common
(MacKinnon 1998). Two individual were ob- PODARGIDAE
served in this study. One individual was seen Batrachostomus javensis Javan Frogmouth
on teak forest in Tembayangan. Another was Javan Frogmouth was firstly described
caught by children in Patapan, east Kangean. by Hoogerwerf upon specimens from Sepan-
This malkoha is absent from Sepanjang Island. jang Island (Hoogerwerf 1962). An individual
of Javan Frogmouth was mistnetted at man-
Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal grove in Patapan. No other individual of Javan
There are two form of Greater Coucal Frogmouth were observed or mistnetted on the
in Kangean Archipelago. First is ‘normal’ col- next subsequent surveys. Its distribution ap-
or with black body and reddish brown color on parently restricted in southern Kangean and
the wing, this form resembled to those in Java. nearby islands.
Second is having grayish, beige or creamy
buff, varying much in tinge, especially on the PICIDAE
under parts, instead of black. Picus vittatus Laced Woodpecker
Greater Coucal was common species Once, this species was considered to
all around island of Kangean. Normal Greater be separated entity from that Javan and Bali
Coucal (dark form) was more common than its population (Vorderman 1893). With the addi-
light form. I observed three individual of Light tion specimen from Bali, the diagnostic char-
Greater Coucal in open area and teak forest at acters described by Vorderman were consid-
Kangean Island and one individual in Paliat. ered not enough to separate Kangean popula-
tion from Java (Mees 1996).
Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Laced Woodpeckers were frequently
Three specimens were collected by observed in natural forest and teak forest.
Hoogerwerf from Kangean Archipelago. All They sometimes flew down to the nearby vil-
of them are immature; two males and a fe- lage. While this species were seen in various
male. He recognized them as the same popula- habitat types, microhabitat or the substrates
tion as those in Celebes and Lesser Sundas, where they forage upon are typical. Like other
known as C.b. sarasinorum due to their larger woodpecker, the availability of big and old
size than Java and Bali population. trees is prerequisites. When they were seen at
I did not encounter any individual of teak forest or village, they always forage on
Lesser Coucal in all islands. If this species is the old trees but teak.
131