Table Of ContentAVIAN ANATOMY
Textbook and Colour Atlas
Publishing
Avian Anatomy.indb 1 05/10/2016 12:06
AVIAN ANATOMY
Textbook and Colour Atlas
Editors
Horst E. König
Rüdiger Korbel
Hans-Georg Liebich
With contributions from
Hermann Bragulla, Klaus-Dieter Budras, Ana Carretero, Gerhard Forstenpointner,
Corinna Klupiec, Johann Maierl, Maren Meiners, Ivan Misek, Christoph Mülling,
Marc Navarro, Alexander Probst, Sven Reese, Jesus Ruberte, Ingrid Walter,
Gerald Weissengruber and Grammata Zengerling
Translated by
Corinna Klupiec
Publishing
Avian Anatomy.indb 3 05/10/2016 12:06
First published 2009
This edition published by 5m Publishing 2016
Authorized translation of the second German language edition of König, Horst Erich/ Korbel, Rüdiger/
Liebich, Hans-Georg, Anatomie der Vögel © 2009 by Schattauer GmbH, Stuttgart/Germany
Copyright © Horst E. König, Rüdiger Korbel, Hans-Georg Liebich 2016
Corinna Klupiec asserts her right to be known as the translator of this work
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Published by
5M Publishing Ltd,
Benchmark House,
8 Smithy Wood Drive,
Sheffield, S35 1QN, UK
Tel: +44 (0) 1234 81 81 80
www.5mpublishing.com
A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-910455-60-9
Book layout by Keystroke, Neville Lodge, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton
Printed by Replika Pvt Ltd, India
Photos and illustrations by Schattauer
Important note:
Medicine is an ever-changing science, so the contents of this publication, especially recommendations con-
cerning diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, can only give an account of the knowledge at the time of
publication. While utmost care has been taken to ensure that all specifications regarding drug selection and
dosage and treatment options are accurate, readers are urged to review the product information sheet and
any relevant material supplied by the manufacturer, and, in case of doubt, to consult a specialist. From both
an editorial and public interest perspective, the publisher welcomes notification of possible inconsistencies.
The ultimate responsibility for any diagnostic or therapeutic application lies with the reader.
No special reference is made to registered names, proprietary names, trademarks, etc. in this publica-
tion. The appearance of a name without designation as proprietary does not imply that it is exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
This publication is subject to copyright, all rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material
is concerned. Any use of this publication outside the limits set by copyright legislation, without the prior
written permission of the publisher, is liable to prosecution.
Editors
O. Univ. Prof. Dr. habil h.c Horst Erich König
Institut für Anatomie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien
[email protected]
Univ.-Prof. Dr. habil. Rüdiger Korbel, Dipl. ECAMS
Klinik für Vögel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
Sonnenstraße 18, D-85764 Oberschleißheim [email protected]
Univ.-Prof. Dr. h.c. mult. Hans-Georg Liebich
Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 München
[email protected]
Avian Anatomy.indb 4 05/10/2016 12:06
Contents
Foreword xi Skeleton of the trunk 32
Translator’s note xiii Vertebral column (columna vertebralis) 32
Authors xv Cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) 32
Abbreviations and directional terms xvii Thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae)
34
1 Introduction 1 Synsacrum 34
H. E. König, J. Maierl, G. Weissengruber Caudal vertebrae (vertebrae caudales) 34
and G. Forstenpointner Ribs (costae) 36
Sternum 37
History of avian anatomy 2
Joints of the trunk 38
Overview of the locomotion and anatomy
Joints of the vertebral column
of birds 4
(juncturae columnae vertebralis) 38
Feathers 5
Joints of the ribs (juncturae costarum) 38
Skeletal adaptations for locomotion 5
Joints of the sternum (juncturae sterni) 38
Types of locomotion 6
Flight 6 Muscles of the trunk (musculi trunci) 38
Land- and water-based locomotion 10 Muscles of the vertebral column (musculi
Digestive system 12 vertebrales) 38
Respiratory system 14 Muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls
Urogenital apparatus 14 (musculi thoracis et abdominis) 40
Avian egg and incubation period 14 Muscles of the tail (musculi caudae) 40
Cardiovascular system 15
Clinical aspects 43
Brain and sense organs 15
Locomotor apparatus 17 3 Thoracic limb
Skeleton (systema skeletale) 17 (membrum thoracicum) 45
Osteology (osteologia) 17 J. Maierl, H. E. König, H.-G. Liebich and
Structure of mature bone 19 R. Korbel
Types of bone 19
Skeleton of the pectoral girdle and wing 45
Arthrology (syndesmologia) 20
Skeleton of the pectoral girdle (Ossa cinguli
Myology (myologia) 20
membri thoracici) 45
Coracoid bone (os coracoideum) 46
2 Head and trunk 24
Scapula 47
J. Maierl, H.-G. Liebich, H. E. König and
Clavicle (clavicula) 47
R. Korbel
Skeleton of the wing (ossa alae) 47
Skeleton of the head 24 Humerus 47
Bones of the head 24 Ulna and radius 48
Cranium (ossa cranii) 24 Carpal bones (ossa carpi) 49
Skeleton of the face (ossa faciei) 27 Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpalia) 49
Bones of the digits (ossa digitorum
Joints of the head 30
manus) 49
Muscles of the head 32
Avian Anatomy.indb 5 05/10/2016 12:06
vi Contents
Joints of the pectoral girdle and wing 49 Beak, bill (rostrum) 92
Joints of the pectoral girdle (juncturae cinguli Roof of the oral cavity and pharynx
membri thoracici) 49 (oropharynx) 94
Joints of the wing (juncturae alae) 50 Floor of the oral cavity 95
Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) 50 Floor of the pharynx 96
Elbow joint (juncturae cubiti) 51 Salivary glands (glandulae salivariae) 96
Joints of the carpus and manus Swallowing 97
(juncturae carpi et manus) 53
Alimentary canal (canalis alimentarius) 97
Muscles of the pectoral girdle and wing 53 Oesophagus 97
Crop (ingluvies) 97
Clinical aspects 59
Stomach (gaster) 98
Proventriculus (glandular stomach, pars
4 Pelvic limb (membrum pelvinum) 62
glandularis) 99
J. Maierl, H.-G. Liebich, H. E. König and
Muscular stomach (ventriculus, pars
R. Korbel
muscularis) 100
Skeleton of the pelvic girdle and pelvic limb 62 Tunica mucosa gastris 100
Skeleton of the pelvic girdle (ossa cinguli Tunica muscularis gastris 101
membri pelvici) 62 Intestine (intestinum) 101
Ilium (os ilium) 62 Gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) 101
Ischium (os ischii) 64 Small intestine (intestinum tenue) 102
Pubis (os pubis) 64 Duodenum 102
Skeleton of the pelvic limb (ossa membri Jejunum and ileum 102
pelvici) 65 Large intestine (intestinum crassum) 104
Femur (os femoris) 65 Caeca 104
Tibiotarsus 66 Rectum 104
Fibula 67 Cloaca 105
Tarsometatarsus 67
Glands associated with the alimentary canal 109
Digits 68
Liver (hepar) 109
Joints of the pelvic girdle and pelvic limb 68 Porta hepatis 110
Joints of the pelvic girdle (juncturae cinguli Attachments of the liver 110
membri pelvici) 68 Gallbladder (vesica fellea) 110
Joints of the pelvic limb (juncturae membri Pancreas 111
pelvici) 68
Clinical aspects 112
Knee joint (juncturae genus) 69
Intertarsal joint (articulatio intertarsalis) 71
7 Respiratory system
Joints of the metatarsal bones 71
(apparatus respiratorius) 118
Metatarsophalangeal joints (articulationes
H. E. König, M. Navarro, G. Zengerling
metatarsophalangeales) 72
and R. Korbel
Interphalangeal joints (articulationes
interphalangeales) 72 Nasal cavity (cavum nasi) 118
Muscles of the pelvic limb 72 Larynx 120
Clinical aspects 80 Trachea 121
Syrinx 121
5 Body cavities 83
H. E. König, A. Probst, H.-G. Liebich and R. Korbel Lung (pulmo) 123
Bronchial system and gas exchange 124
Clinical aspects 87
Air sacs (sacci pneumatici, sacci aerophori) 126
6 Digestive system
Clinical aspects 128
(apparatus digestorius) 92
H. E. König, H.-G. Liebich, R. Korbel and C. Klupiec
Oral cavity (cavum oris) and pharynx 92
Avian Anatomy.indb 6 05/10/2016 12:06
Contents vii
8 Urinary system (organa urinaria) 131 Systemic arteries 165
A. Carretero, H. E. König, H.-G. Liebich and Brachiocephalic trunk (truncus
R. Korbel brachiocephalicus) 166
Visceral branches of the descending aorta 170
Kidney (nephros, ren) 131
Renal arteries 170
Structure of the kidney 131
Arteries of the pelvic limb 170
Structure of renal lobules 132
Ischiadic artery 172
Renal corpuscle (corpusculum renis,
Arteries of the pelvic region 173
Malpighian body) and nephron 133
Tubules and collecting ducts 133 Systemic veins 174
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 135 Veins of the wing 174
Urine formation 135 Caudal vena cava (vena cava caudalis) 174
Hepatic portal system 174
Ureter 136
Renal portal system 175
Clinical aspects 136
Clinical aspects 176
9 Male genital organs
12 Immune system and lymphatic
(organa genitalia masculina) 139
organs (organa lymphopoetica) 179
H. E. König, H. Bragulla, H.-G. Liebich and
K.-D. Budras, H. E. König and R. Korbel
R. Korbel
Lymphatic vessels
Testis (orchis) 139
(systema lymphovasculare) 180
Structure of the testis 141
Lymph heart (cor lymphaticum) 182
Epididymis 142
Avian lymph nodes and mural
Deferent duct (ductus deferens) 142 lymphoreticular formations 183
Avian lymph nodes 183
Phallus (penis, phallus masculinus) 144
Mural lymphoreticular formations 183
Accessory structures of the phallus 144
Lymphatic organs (thymus, cloacal bursa
Clinical aspects 145
and spleen) 184
Thymus 184
10 Female genital organs
Cloacal bursa (bursa cloacalis, bursa Fabricii) 184
(organa genitalia feminina) 147
Spleen (lien, splen) 185
H. E. König, I. Walter, H. Bragulla and R. Korbel
Clinical aspects 185
Ovary (ovarium) 148
Oogenesis 150
13 Nervous system
Oviduct (oviductus) 152 (systema nervosum) 187
Infundibulum 153 H. E. König, I. Misek, H.-G. Liebich, R. Korbel
Magnum 154 and C. Klupiec
Isthmus 154
Central nervous system (systema nervosum
Uterus (metra) 154
centrale) 187
Vagina 155
Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) 187
Structure of the avian egg 155 Brain (encephalon) 189
Nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons 191
Clinical aspects 155
Metencephalon 191
Mesencephalon 192
11 Cardiovascular system
Diencephalon 193
(systema cardiovasculare) 158
Telencephalon 194
J. Ruberte, H. E. König, R. Korbel and C. Klupiec
Ventricles of the brain (ventriculi cerebri) 195
Heart (cor) 158 Meninges and meningeal blood vessels 196
Blood vessels of the heart 160
Peripheral nervous system
Conduction system of the heart 161
(systema nervosum periphericum) 197
Pulmonary vessels 162 Cranial nerves (nervi craniales) 197
Avian Anatomy.indb 7 05/10/2016 12:06
viii Contents
Olfactory nerve (I) 197 Sclera 218
Optic nerve (II) 197 Cornea 219
Oculomotor nerve (III) 198 Middle vascular layer (tunica vasculosa or
Trochlear nerve (IV) 198 media bulbi, uvea) 220
Trigeminal nerve (V) 198 Iris 220
Abducent nerve (VI) 199 Ciliary body (corpus ciliare) 222
Facial nerve (VII) 199 Choroid (choroidea) 225
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) 199 Inner layer (tunica interna bulbi, retina) 225
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) 199 Optic nerve (nervus opticus) 227
Vagus nerve (X) 199 Pecten (pecten oculi) 227
Accessory nerve (XI) 200 Internal structures of the eye 229
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 201 Lens 229
Spinal nerves (nervi spinales) 202 Anterior and posterior chambers
Brachial plexus (plexus brachialis) 203 (camera anterior and posterior bulbi)
Lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacralis) 203 and aqueous humour (humor
Lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis) 204 aquosus) 229
Sacral plexus (plexus sacralis) 205 Vitreous body (corpus vitreum; camera
Pudendal plexus (plexus pudendus) 205 vitrea bulbi) 230
Caudal plexus (plexus caudae) 205
Adnexa of the eye (organa oculi accessoria) 230
Autonomic nervous system Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball 230
(systema nervosum autonomicum) 205 Eyelids (palpebrae) 231
Sympathetic system 205 Lacrimal apparatus (apparatus lacrimalis) 232
Parasympathetic system 207
Innervation of the eye 232
Clinical aspects 207
Blood vessels of the eye 233
14 Endocrine glands Clinical aspects 234
(glandulae endocrinae) 210 Ophthalmic examination 234
H. E. König, G. Weissengruber and R. Korbel History 235
Observation and vision testing 235
Hypophysis, pituitary gland
General ophthalmic examination 235
(glandula pituitaria) 211
Specialised ophthalmic examination 236
Epiphysis, pineal gland (glandula pinealis) 212
16 The ear (organum
Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) 212
vestibulocochleare) 243
Parathyroid gland (glandula parathyroidea) 212 H. E. König, G. Weissengruber, I. Walter
and R. Korbel
Ultimobranchial body (glandula
ultimobranchialis) 212 External ear (auris externa) 243
Adrenal gland (glandula adrenalis) 212 Middle ear (auris media) 245
Pancreatic islets (insulae pancreaticae) 214 Internal ear (auris interna) 245
Gonads (testis, ovarium) 214 Clinical aspects 248
Clinical aspects 215
17 Common integument
(integumentum commune) 249
15 The eye (organum visus) 216
H. E. König, S. Reese, C. Mülling and
S. Reese, R. Korbel and H.-G. Liebich
R. Korbel
Orbit (orbita) 216
Featherless body regions 250
Eyeball, bulb (bulbus oculi) 217 Skin glands 250
Size, shape and position 217 Accessory cutaneous structures 250
Structure of the eyeball 218 Patagia 251
Outer fibrous layer (tunica fibrosa or Interdigital webs 252
externa bulbi) 218 Rhamphotheca and cere 252
Avian Anatomy.indb 8 05/10/2016 12:06
Contents ix
Scales 254 Application 282
Pads 254 Potential sources of error 282
Claws 255 Thumb and two-finger restraint
Spurs 255 (helmet grip) 283
Method 283
Feathered body regions 255
Application 283
Feathers 255
Potential sources of error 283
Feather structure 255
Two-finger restraint (‘ringer’s hold’) 283
Types of feathers 257
Method 283
Feather replacement and moulting 260
Application 283
Blood supply and innervation of the skin 260 Potential sources of error 283
Restraining pigeons 283
Clinical aspects 260
Method 283
18 Clinical examination 263 Application 284
Potential sources of error 284
R. Korbel, S. Reese and H. E. König
Holding pigeons for examination of the
History and signalment 264 thoracic and pelvic limbs 284
Observation 265 Examination of the thoracic limbs 284
Method 284
Physical examination 267
Application 285
Further investigation 270 Potential sources of error 285
Laboratory techniques 270 Examination of the pelvic limbs 285
Method 285
19 Imaging techniques 271 Application 285
R. Korbel, A. Probst and H.-G. Liebich Potential sources of error 285
‘Bunch of flowers’ grip 285
Photography 271
Method 285
Radiography 273 Application 285
Principles of radiographic image acquisition 274 Potential sources of error 285
Positioning for the ventrodorsal view 274 Restraint of chickens, raptors and
Procedure 274 waterfowl 285
Positioning for the lateral view 274 Fixation for surgery 286
Procedure 274 Methods 286
Potential complications 274 Detaching biting or grasping birds 287
Contrast radiography 274 Anaesthesia 287
Management of shock 288
Sonography (ultrasound) 275
Analgesia and pain management 288
Computed tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging 278 21 Medication and blood collection
techniques 289
20 Handling, restraint and anaesthesia 279 R. Korbel and H. E. König
R. Korbel, S. Reese and H.-G. Liebich
Theoretical principles 289
Theoretical principles 279 Administering medications 289
Respiratory dynamics 279
Methods 289
Thermoregulation 280
Restraining the patient 289
Reflex activity and heart rate 281
Preventing haemorrhage and achieving
Skeleton 281
haemostasis 289
Methods 281 Disinfection of the skin 290
Preparation 281 Needle and injectate specifications 290
Capture of the patient 281 Methods of administration 290
Restraint 282 Tube or crop needle 290
Thumb and finger restraint 282 Application 290
Method 282 Restraint 290
Avian Anatomy.indb 9 05/10/2016 12:06
