Table Of ContentEthnobiol. ll(l):83-92
/.
AND
AVAILABILITY NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF
CYMOPTERUS ROOTS
(APIACEAE)
COLORADO
THE
IN STEPPE
DONALD
HAZLETT
L.
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory
Colorado State University
CO
80526
Ft. Collins,
ABSTRACT.—
The and content
density, collection rate, dry weight, nutritional
The
of Cymopterus montanus and (Apiaceae) roots were determined.
C. acaulis
was
density of each species three landscape positions in steppe vegetation
at
on
usually than one The was plants/m2
less plant/m2. exception 3.8 C. acaulis
maximum
common
ridgetops. In areas where Cymopterus plants were the density,
and
dry weight, and root were 27 plants/m2, 5.1-6.6 g/root, 0.9
collection rates
and
roots per minute montanus and 12 plants/m2 1.5-1.6 g/root, 0.7 roots
for C.
,
per minute had 43-45% dry weight as
for C. acaulis. In both species the roots of
was main
20-25% and 1-2% Sucrose the
fiber, digestible carbohydrate, nitrogen.
was 11.7%
sugar in both species. The sugar content of dry, skin- free roots
total
of dry weight and 4.4% The sugar contents of
for C. montanus for C. acaulis.
were
Cymopterus roots, sugar beets and roots of several other Great Plains species
compared. Cymopterus species
Ecological aspects and the potential cultivation of
are
also discussed.
RESUMEN.—
peso seco valor
Se determino densidad, tasa de recoleccion, y
la
C
densidades
Las
nutritivo de de Cymopterus montanus y acaulis.
los raices
promedio menos una planta/m2 en todas las
para ambas especies fueron de de
donde
lomados
areas de praderas no perturbadas excepto en las cimas de la
de
densidad de En areas donde las plantas
C. acaulis fue de 3.8 plantas/m2.
de
Cymopterus eran abundantes densidad maxima, peso seco y la tasa recolec-
el
las
minuto
por
tuberculos
cio'n fueron de 27 g/tuberculo y 0.9
plantas/m2, 5.1-6.6
por
tuberculos
para 0.7
C. montanus y de 12 plantas/m2, 1.5-1.6 g/tube'rculos y
43-45%
C
contenian
minuto peso
para en terminos del seco,
acaulis. Estas especies,
comun
de 20-25% 1-2% de nitrdgeno. El azucar ma's
fibre, de carbohidratos y
en tuber-
en ambas de azucares los
contenido
especies fue sacarosa. El total
la
C
de
4.4% en caso acaulis
culos sin de 11.7% en montanus y el
ca'scara fue C.
azucarera
remolacha el
El contenido en comparado con de y
azucares fue el la
de algunos aspectos ecologicos y la
otras tambien
especies nativas. Se discuten
posibilildad de
cultivar Cymopterus.
RESUME.-La valeur nutritive
poids sec et la
de
taux collection, le
densite', le
de chaque
La densite
des C determines.
racines de montanus ont
C. acaulis et e'te'
moms
habituellement
espece de vegetation est
a zones de steppe
trois differentes
la
dans
m
cime des collines
d'une sur
plante par plantes/m2 la
2. L'exception est 3.8
Dans heux ou espece
les zones ou repandues. les
les plantes de C. acaulis est 1
de
taux collec-
Cymopterus maximale, les poids sec et le
est re'pandue, densite
la
pour
g/minute
tion des racines etaient de 27 plantes/m2, 5.1-6.6 g/racine, et 0.9
C. montanus et 12 plantes/m2 1.5-1.6 g/racine, et 0.7 g/minute pourC. acaulis.
,
Chez deux especes racines contenaient 43-45% de leur poids sec en
les les fibres,
1-2%
20-25% en hydrates de carbone digestible et d'azote. Les racines ont
e'te
analysees pour quatre sucrose plus abondant chez deux
sucres, s'est ave're les
le le
especes. La teneur en sucre des racines epluchees a ete 11.7% dupoids sec pour
C
Une du
montanus 4.4% pour comparaison contenu en sucre des
C. et acaulis.
racines de Cymopterus, de betterave a sucre et de plusieurs autres especes des
la
de
hautes plaines a Les aspects eblogiques potentiel culture
effectue'e. et le
ete'
du
Cymopterus ont
ete discute's.
INTRODUCTION
The known and
best root crops in the Apiaceae are carrots (Daucus carota L.)
An
and Bancroft
parsnips (Pastinaca saliva L.), native to Europe, acacia xanthorrhiza
from South America. Although no North American species in the Apiaceae have
yet been domesticated, roots from plants the genus Lomatium have been
in
many
important staples for Indian groups in Western Canada and North America.
Roots from plants in the genus Perideridia are eaten by Indians in the interior
still
two
parts of the Pacific states (French This paper examines edible roots of
1971).
Cymopterus species that could have been a seasonally important food source to
indigenous groups Cymopterus
in the shortgrass steppe region of the Great Plains:
&
and
acaulis (Pursh) Raf. Cymopterus montanus G.
(Nutt.) T.
Most and
of the 48 species in the genus Cymopterus occur in mountain areas
have small geographical distributions (Hartman, comm. By compari-
pers. 1990).
son, the geographical ranges andC. montanus,
of C. acaulis, C. macrorhizus Buckl.
the only three Cymopterus Great Plains
species reported in the Flora of the
(McGregor much
1986), are greater. Since wider ranges imply greater familiarity
and Cymopterus
indigenous
availability to groups, the utilization of Great Plains
was
species probably greater than that of species that occur only in isolated
mountain
areas.
names
Spanish and to
English speaking persons have vernacular
attributed
common
Cymopterus plants based on plant names them. For example,
familiar to
names
corkwing,
for Cymopterus by Harrington
listed include biscuit root,
(1967)
wafer parsnip, and wild The name "camote" was reported for
Spanish
celery.
C. montanus by Hedrick but name more commonly applied to Ipomoea
(1972), this
is
been
have
batatas (L.) Lam., the sweet potato. In fashion, Cymopterus roots
like
name Pursh (Kind-
called more
prairie turnips, a often used for Psoralea esculenta
scher even though Brassicaceae,
1987), neither Psoralea nor Cymopterus are in the
common names
the family
oiBrassica garden
rapa L., the turnip. Currently, the
Spanish
for Cymopterus are seldom used known. English and
or In contrast to
common
would be of
names, names
Indian Cymopterus (none were found)
for
the
greater significance since such names would be from people that lived off
land for food, and
fiber medicine.
The groups
few
ethnobotanical from Indian
accounts of Cymopterus species are
the western and qualitative,
in southwestern United These accounts are
States.
and species
brief, usually refer to edible roots and/or shoots. Ten Cymopterus
reported by Harrington Havard and Yanovsky (1936)
Hedrick
(1967), (1895), (1972),
JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
have greens and/or
to edible roots are: C. acaulis, C. bulbosus A. Nelson, C. globosus
CD,
Wats.) Wats., glomeratus
(S. S. C. C. longipes Wats., montanus, new-
S. C. C.
M.E.
berryi (S. Wats.) Jones, C. purpurascens (A. Gray) M.E. Jones, C. purpureus
and
Wats., A. Gray. Hedrick
S. C. fendleri In (1972) Sturtevant described the roots
much
of C. montanus as "spindly-shaped, parsnip-like but sweeter and
softer,
more
tender than the parsnip." Cymopterus were reported by
roots
fendleri
Yanovsky
as a condiment for meat, by Hedrick as a flavoring of mutton, and by
Havard
as a condiment "with a pleasant anisate volatile oil used to flavor meats
...
and make
Morton were
bitters ..." indicated that Cymopterus roots best
(1963)
in early spring and when boiled. Presumably in reference to root size and
quality, C. globosus, C. glomeratus, and C. montanus have been identified as the
best-known
esculents in the genus (Havard 1895). Other accounts report that
photosensitization can occur in poultry from ingestion of C. watsonii or C. longipes
leaves and seeds (Egyed and Williams Vankamperf Stermitz
1977; 1969). et
al.
al. (1975) identified furocoumarins as a photosensitizing chemical in C. watsonii.
Finally, insecticidal properties have been attributed to a boiled water extract of
Cymopterus by Sweet
roots
(1976).
densities,
This study was undertaken determine the collection rates, field
to
Northern
and and in the
nutritional value of C. montanus C. acaulis roots (Fig. 1)
were
selected
These species
shortgrass steppe region of the United States.
case of
groups and, in the
because by indigenous
of reports of
their utilization
genus
known the
esculents" in
C. montanus, because reported as one of "best
it is
(Hedrick
1972).
HG.
I.—
and
Cymopterus
C.
acaulis
(left)
eastern May
Colorado on
1989.
7,
DESCRIPTION
SITE
and
Field work was conducted during the spring of 1988 1989 at the Central
Experimental Range (CPER), an area with native shortgrass steppe vegeta-
Plains
USDA CPER
The
by Research
administered the Agricultural Service.
tion that
is
km CO W)
located 8 north of Nunn, (latitude 40° 49 N, longitude 104° 46
is
mm
m
Mean was
annual from 1969-1988 322
1,650 elevation. precipitation
at
80%
(standard deviation of 74 mm), but approximately of annual precipitation
from
occurs April to September.
To characterize conditions, samples were collected from three loca-
soil soil
tions where C. montanus plants were abundant. At each location three soil sub-
cm.
samples were collected from around C. montanus roots at a depth of 5-15
Subsamples were combined to a single sample per location and were analyzed
(Workman
at the Colorado State University soil testing laboratory et al. 1988).
The
The had sandy loam ranges
analyses indicated that three locations clay soil.
all
pH
matter 1.6-2.1%,
in soil properties at the three areas were: 6.4-7.2, organic
Mn
N
K ppm,
6-9 ppm, P 1-7 ppm, 171-238 ppm, Zn ppm, Fe 5.5-11.5
0.2-0.3
ppm
Cu
and ppm.
6.0-12.8 0.7-1.0
AND METHODS
MATERIALS
nine
Field densities of C. montanus and C. acaulis plants were estimated at
undisturbed steppe and disturbed steppe loca-
locations in April 1988 three
late at
May
three
The were ridgetop,
tions in early 1989. undisturbed locations three
midslope, and three toeslope or lowland positions. Disturbed locations, selected
on along a
the basis of abundant montanus were adjacent a corral,
C. plants, to
and plants in
road, by a fence. At each location C. acaulis and C. montanus
all
m
maximum
randomly field
50 placed 0.25 2 quadrats were To estimate
tallied.
of
densities the five quadrats from the disturbed with the highest tallies
sites
uncommon
montanus were was disturbed sites,
C. averaged. Since in
C. acaulis
maximum the five
the density was average density of
field for this species the
quadrats with the highest from undisturbed
densities
sites.
was excavated
In 1988 one Cymopterus near every quadrat
root in or fifth
C washed,
was
until 41 C. montanus and 10 were Each root
acaulis roots collected.
50°C
air dried for 24 hours and weighed. Roots were then cut open, oven dried at
Eight
for 7 days and reweighed with and without the palatable root skins.
less
acaulis
samples of dry montanus and two samples of C.
C. tissue (five roots each)
nitrogen,
tissue (five roots each) were analyzed Colorado State University for
at
Nelson
and methods of
fiber, digestible carbohydrate. Nitrogen extraction used the
and Sommers identified
The Waldren
analyses procedure of (1971)
(1980). fiber
The carbo-
and
neutral detergent such lignin.
fibers as hemicellulose, cellulose,
included
hydrate values were non-structural carbohydrates (Smith 1964) that
et
al.
were
values
sugars, dextrin, and and carbohydrates
starch, fructusans. Fiber
expressed
as percent dry weight.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
Root
collection rates for both Cymopterus species were determined the three
at
by many
disturbed sites excavating as roots as possible during 15 minutes. The
was
collection pace steady, not hurried, as roots were removed from the by
soil
A
digging with sharpened an implement
a
stick. stick similar to that available
is
indigenous pronghorn From
to persons, e.g. antelope tine. the excavated plants
four C. montanus and three C. acaulis roots were selected at random and analyzed
USDA/ARS
for individual sugar contents at the Crops Research Laboratory in
Ft. Collins using their standard, but unpublished analytical technique (Susan
comm.
Martin, pers. This technique involved peeling each root and hand-
1990).
grating the "sawdust" To about
skin-free portion to obtain a fine or brei. 2 g brei,
glass-distilled water was added at a ratio of about 1:6 (w/w) brei: water; the exact
weights of brei and water were recorded. The brei-water mixture was homo-
down
genized wash
for 30 seconds (Brinkmann swirled container
UltraTurrax), to
and
walls, homogenized another 30 seconds. The mixture was filtered successively
through Whatman membrane and membrane
No. a 1.2/im a 0.45/xm
filter,
1,
HPLC
filter. Samples L were analyzed by on an ion exchange
aliquots)
(20/1
column °C and by
in the calcium form (Waters Sugar Pak held at 85 eluted
I),
0.2mM
calcium EDTA. components were by index and
Eluted detected refractive
HPLC
by was
quantified The system standardized daily
electronic integration.
with and
a
series of standards incorporated glucose, fructose, sucrose,
that
raffinose. Roots not selected sugar analyses were weighed fresh, oven dried
for
50°C
at for 7 days and weighed dry estimate the water content of fresh roots.
to
C
Voucher and
made CS)
specimens were montanus 4651, acaulis
for C. (Hazlett
means dry
(Hazlett 4652, CS). between for field densities,
Statistical differences
weights, and
by
chemical were determined
contents t-tests.
RESULTS
At mon-
all three landscape undisturbed steppe the density of C.
positions in
2
tanus was was <1 plant/m
<1 plant/m2 The also
(Table density of C. acaulis
1).
on
at toeslope and was plants/m2 ridgetops,
midslope but 3.8
positions,
species
significantly higher landscape positions for this
(P < than other
0.05) at
and
Because disturbed sites
significantly higher thanC. montanus any location.
at
were
selected on abundant Cymopterus plants, the densities of
the
basis of
C
The
montanus 2 disturbed areas.
mean
plants increased a of 2.1 plants/m in
to
maximum
The max-
2 montanus.
density disturbed was 39 plants/m for C.
at
sites
imum
2
was plants/m
and 17
density steppe
undisturbed
for C. occurred .
acaulis in
AH
and no juvenile plants
tallied individuals were from perennial roots
sprouts
of
either
species were
encountered.
from
The
mean increased
dry including skin,
weight montanus
of roots,
C.
5 these
At both locations
-l g/plant
at undisturbed g/plant disturbed sites.
to 6.6 at
mean weight
values dry
were
than the 1.5-1.6 g
significantly greater (P < 0.05)
and
of montanus
C. For
C.
acaulis roots from undisturbed and disturbed sites.
C
61%
was
the skin,
acaulis including
roots, the water
content of fresh roots,
and
36% was 30%
of
weight the skin total
of
respectively. For individual roots the
dry
41% dry weight
weight mass, of total
for montanus and due root
C. to less
for
C.
acaulis.
TABLE 1.— Means and ranges in dry weight and densities of Cymopterus mon-
"undisturbed"
tanus and C. acaulis roots at different topopositions in native or
and
steppe disturbed steppe locations.
at
Cymopten
Cymopterus montanus acaulis
us
Mean
Range
Range
Dry wt (% of fresh wt) 38.5
Dry
wt/root
(g)
0.2-2.9
—Undisturbed* 5.1 0.6-8.9 (10) 1.6
(27)
0.1-2.6
—Disturbed* 6.6 0.9-8.2 1.5
(40) (33)
Density: Undisturbed steppe (plants/m2
)
—3
0.3-7.6
Ridgetops* 0.4 0.0-0.6 3.8
-3
0.3-0.5
Midslopes 0.7 0.6-0.8 0.4
—3
0.0-2.6
Toeslopes 0.4 0.0-1.1 0.9
Density: Disturbed (plants/m2
sites
)
-All 0.5-1.4
3 areas* 2.1 1.8-2.4 1.0
—Maximum
10-17
densities* 27 12-39 12
* Differences between meai <
ns are significant (P
).05).
(
number
Values in parentheses are the of samples
the skin-
only
Since the skin portion of Cymopterus roots not very palatable,
is
humans.
free, white root tissue was used in calculations of food availability to
white root
amount
In undisturbed, randomly sampled of
steppe vegetation the
However,
tissue was 1.4-2.5 g/m2 for C. montanus and 0.7 g/m2 for C. acaulis.
based on mean root dry weights and mean maximum densities in disturbed
field
montanus
g/m2
areas the availability of white root tissue was as high as 125 for C.
loca-
and 11 g/m2 The montanus disturbed
for C. acaulis. collection rate for C. at
the
was at
tions 11-15 roots per 15 minutes roots per minute). For C. acaulis
(0.9
per
same roots
locations the collection rate was 10-12 roots per 15 minutes (0.7
much
as 250 g
minute). Therefore, in areas where montanus abundant, as
C.
is
of white, edible root can be gathered an hour.
tissue
in
,
had
roots
analyses acaulis
of plant tissue indicated that skin-free C.
1
However,
a significantly higher nitrogen content than montanus (Table 2).
C.
than
contents
C. montanus had significantly higher (P < glucose and sucrose
0.05)
"*
m° n
nt*
C. acaulis. Total sugar content on a fresh weight basis was 4.5% for C.
11./%
was
and 2.8% On content
sugar
for C. acaulis. a dry weight basis the total
was
sucrose
for C. montanus and 4.4% For both species
for C. acaulis (Table
2).
in
content,
the most abundant 88% sugar
sugar, constituting of total
at least
u
va
sucrose
average content using the
caloric of sugars per 100 g of dry tissue,
tor
Cal/g
and
of 3.9 calories/g of sugar, was 0.45 Cal/g for C. montanus 0.17
acaulis.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
TABLE
Means
2.— and
ranges and
in fiber, nitrogen, carbohydrate sugars com-
position for naturally occurring Cymopterus montanus and Cymopterus
acaulis
from
roots northeastern Colorado.
Cymopterus
%
wt
of dry Mean
3
Fiber
36-49
44.6
Nitrogen3
1.3-1.9
1.0
Carbohydrates3
16-25
24.4
Sugars: 33
Rafhnose
0.05
Glucose
0.04-0.16 0.03* 0.02-0.04
0.08
Fructose
0.18 0.10-0.25 0.07 0.05-0.09
Sucrose
4.25* 3.92-4.80
11.28 9.88-14.89
*
Significant
differences (P 0.05) between species.
DISCUSSION
Compared
to sugar contents underground tissues from other native Great
of
Plains plant species the 11.7% value forC. montanus was more than twice as high
as the 5.6% or the
sugar content reported (or Psoralea esculenta (Kaldyef al. 1980)
4.4% On
11.7%
sugar hand, the
content the other
reported herein
for C. acaulis.
sugar
content in montanus was than the 16.2% reported for Perideridia gaird-
C. less
&
neri (Hook. (Kaldyer
1980).
Arn.) Mathias or 51.6% for Helianthus tuberosus L. al.
Except 35% weight sugar
dry
for H. than a
tuberosus, these values are less
all
content
reported European of white sugar beets, Beta vulgaris
for early cultivars
L- (Coons content of vulgaris
the sugar B.
1936). In nearly 200 years of selection
16%
cultivars has been 80% dry and near of fresh
increased approximately of
to
weight. among Great Plains
native
Cultivar high sugar contents
selections for
and
plants would much content forH. tuberosus
stan from higher sugar
a
initial
could
conceivably Cymopterus roots.
double the sugar content of
In contents of wild collected
contrast document only nutritional
to studies that
roots (Kaldy study also quantified
al King and Gershoff 1987) this
et 1980;
popula-
occurring
densities and from naturally
collection rates of Cymopterus roots
A
tions. maximum montanus tissue of
g/m2 of edible C. is
field density of 125
an average
g/m2,
interest 100
for several value similar to
reasons.
this is
First,
(Sims
value vegetation
steppe
for aboveground production in
annual primary
net
and
Singh of edible
the availability
some steppe locations
1978). Therefore,
in
biomass produc-
Cymopterus aboveground
annual
roots than average
greater
is
credence
tion. Another Cymopterus roots
implication of high concentrations of is
were by indigenous
to reports that these roots, relatively high sugar, utilized
when
dense stands they have
people. Finally, native plants occur naturally in
adapting dense stands crops or gardens.
a greater possibility of to in
Although Cymopterus roots are a concentrated source of carbohydrate energy,
was was apparently had been
only once a Cymopterus root seen that excavated;
it
showed any
removed and by Furthermore, few roots sign of
eaten a rodent.
damage
damage by or pathogens. Since minimal occurs to Cymopterus roots
insects
in dense, naturally occurring populations, an important implication is that these
plants could also be relatively insect and pathogen free in the aggregated condi-
damage on any
tion required for gardens or crops. The absence of insect of the
properties
excavated or peeled roots also accented the observation of insecticidal
chemicals
Cymopterus reported by Sweet Perhaps insect-repelling
for (1976).
may another
occur Cymopterus they be concentrated in the skin,
in roots. so,
If
chemicals
reason to remove the skin before consumption. In addition, allelopathic
may when
be dispersed from roots into the such as Cymopterus plants die,
soil,
and afford a degree of protection from herbivores to this root or to roots of
neighboring plant Of regard the possibility that
species. special interest in this is
may
(Haws
larva of Phyllophaga beetles, a pest of native rangeland grasses 1982),
where
avoid areas Cymopterus roots occur or have occurred.
G
on andC. indicates
Available information the of montanus acaulis
life-history
Colorado to
that Cymopterus plants are the steppe species in northeastern
first
flower each spring, in March and April, and are the perennial plants to
first
Dodd determined
disperse fruits (Dickinson and 1976). This study has further
two habitats
that although these Cymopterus species often occur together, there are
G
where one more more abundant on ridgetops
or the other abundant:
is acaulis
is
G
and more human Since there
montanus abundant
disturbance.
is in areas of
was with rocky
exposed on
shale ridgetops, deeper water penetration associated
G
water
may
Greater
soil help explain greater ridgetop densities of acaulis.
the
may to
contribute
availability related to the absence of competing plants also
G may
success of montanus disturbed Although water availability
in areas.
soil
and
timing
favor plant establishment on and the
ridgetops disturbed habitats,
in
seed
Also,
extent of water availability probably between these locations.
differ
G
may montanus fruits
winged
dispersal
differentiation occur because the corky,
G
appear be more by Finally,
to easily carried rainwater than are fruits of acaulis.
than
the fact that C.montanus roots store nearly four times more carbohydrates
G
these
may between
acaulis roots help explain the difference in habitat preference
two
species.
over
Indigenous resource
persons and food
usually preferred seeds as a
fruits
However, in
underground
storage organs such as Cymopterus roots (Bates 1985).
when
steppe vegetation and the time
fruits seeds are scarce early in the year,
are
roots
Cymopterus most Cymopterus
roots are available. During the spring
plant.
probably the most abundant source human food any native steppe
of of
u
e
bec * *
Later in the year the roots are there, but plants are difficult to locate
still
edible
with
aboveground
all tissue withers and While other plant species
dies.
Nels.
underground A.
tissues occur in the shortgrass steppe, e.g. Allium textile
&
tenuiflora
Macbr., Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh, punctata Hook. andPsoralea
Liatris
JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
and
Pursh, the density concentration of food per unit area for each of these species
even combined
alone or probably than
montanus.
is less that of C.
CONCLUSIONS
new
This study has presented information on the ecology and
nutritional
two
properties of Cymopterus species native the shortgrass steppe region of
to
the Great
Plains. Since these are native, edible plants important to docu-
it is
ment
and
their nutritional value for people to discuss their domestication poten-
tial. In terms of sugar content, C. montanus has a relatively high sugar content
may
and home
eventually be perhaps garden
cultivated, as a plant.
xeric,
Ecological montanus encourage domestication
characteristics of plants that
C.
include natural occurrence aggregated populations, low water requirements,
in
food demand
and
availability early in the spring, a popular for native plant species.
Obstacles to domestication include lack of knowledge on growth rates, life history,
A
chemical
composition, propagation techniques, and cultural acceptance. next
step human
in evaluating this species for consumption to test for possible toxic
is
chemicals, such
as those that occur in other Cymopterus species.
Finally, the by indigenous persons pro-
collection rates of Cymopterus roots
bably
did not exceed the values reported here. Since the incidence of disturbed
steppe
habitats, locations where montanus are most dense, have increased in
C.
the
food source
last century, the availability of Cymopterus roots as a wild-collected
may
now
be
greater than at any time in the past.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This was Foundation, U.S.A. grant
research supported by National Science
the
#BSR-8612105. (LTER)
The research
research one network of long-term ecological
site of a
is
USDA/ARS
sites. thank Susan Narum sugarbeet research
I S. Martin and Judy A. at the
laboratory Wilken Colorado State
in Ft. Collins for FIPLC sugar analyses and Dieter at
University Hartman, taxonomic specialist
for comments. acknowledge Ronald
also L.
I
m
spedes
Apiaceae on Cymopterus
at the University Wyoming Laramie, for information
of in
and
diversity and Michelle Nelson,
Osvaldo
distributions. thank Marta Hazlett, Sala,
I
Chakib
Nemmaoui
for help with Spanish and French abstracts.
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