Table Of ContentSTUDIES IN NATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Autonomous Vessels
in Maritime Affairs
Law and Governance Implications
Edited by Tafsir Matin Johansson
Jonatan Echebarria Fernández · Dimitrios Dalaklis
Aspasia Pastra · Jon A. Skinner
Studies in National Governance and Emerging
Technologies
Series Editors
Edward Abbott-Halpin, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
Carolina Aguerre, Victoria, Argentina
Alberto Asquer, School of Finance, University of London, SOAS,
London, UK
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Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Fromgenomeeditingtodeeplearning,andfromblockchaintoquantum
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·
Tafsir Matin Johansson
·
Jonatan Echebarria Fernández
· ·
Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra
Jon A. Skinner
Editors
Autonomous Vessels
in Maritime Affairs
Law and Governance Implications
Editors
Tafsir Matin Johansson Jonatan Echebarria Fernández
World Maritime University-Sasakawa The City Law School, City
Global Ocean Institute University of London
Malmö, Sweden London, UK
Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra
World Maritime University World Maritime University-Sasakawa
Malmö, Sweden Global Ocean Institute
Malmö, Sweden
Jon A. Skinner
MatSu College
University of Alaska Anchorage
Palmer, AK, USA
Global College of PME
Air University
Montgomery, Alabama, USA
ISSN 2524-6291 ISSN 2524-6305 (electronic)
Studies in National Governance and Emerging Technologies
ISBN 978-3-031-24739-2 ISBN 978-3-031-24740-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24740-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
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Acknowledgments
The editors of this volume acknowledge the contributions of many
individuals and organizations. First and foremost, the editors owe an
extraordinary debt to all the authors and co-authors that have published
inthispeer-reviewedvolume.AwarmnoteofthankstoMitchellLennan,
Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Energy & Environment Law at the
University of Aberdeen, Scotland, for providing additional editorial assis-
tance. The co-editors are extremely indebted to external reviewers:
Paul Myburgh, Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Centre for
Maritime Law, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore; Jos
Leijten, Retired Innovation Strategist, previously in Joint Institute for
innovation Policy (Brussels) and TNO (Netherlands); Chang Hee Lee,
Professor,CollegeofMaritimeScience,KoreaMaritime&OceanUniver-
sity; Tae-eun Kim; Associate Professor of Maritime Safety Management,
Department of Technology and Safety, Faculty of Science and Tech-
nology, University of Tromsø (UiT)—The Arctic University of Norway;
and Kivilcim Ceren Buken; PhD Candidate, Hacettepe University, as
well as others that were a part of the blinded review. A special thanks
to our contributors Matti Eronen, Mikis Tsimplis, and Vibe Ulfbeck,
and external contributors Yoss LeClerc; President and CEO, Logistro
ConsultingInternational,VancouverBC;FormerPresident,International
Harbour Masters Association,London UK; and Mikael Hilden, owner of
AMH Maritime Consultancy for playing an important role in the triple
peer-review process.
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The editors would also like to extend sincere appreciation to the
Nippon Foundation, the World Maritime University and the World
Maritime University-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute, the City Law
School, and the University of Alaska for their generous support.
Sweden Tafsir Matin Johansson
November 2022 Jonatan Echebarria Fernández
Dimitrios Dalaklis
Aspasia Pastra
Jon A. Skinner
Contents
1 Introduction to Autonomous Vessels in Maritime
Affairs: Law & Governance Implications 1
Tafsir Matin Johansson, Jon A. Skinner,
Jonatan Echebarria Fernández, Aspasia Pastra,
and Dimitrios Dalaklis
Part I Setting the Scene
2 Innovate or Fade—Introducing Ocean Innovation
Diplomacy to the Maritime Sector 19
Andrei Polejack
3 Evolution of IMO’s MASS: Through the Prism
of the Chair 33
Henrik Tunfors
Part II Naval Warfare & Security
4 Advent of a New Era in Naval Warfare: Autonomous
and Unmanned Systems 63
Raul Pedrozo
5 Maritime Security in the Age of Autonomous Ships 81
Anna Petrig
vii
viii CONTENTS
Part III Safety & Seaworthiness
6 Designing Norms for Autonomous Ships: The
Obligation to Call for Help and the Duty to Save Life
in Danger at Sea 99
Michael Tsimplis
7 Safety and Seaworthiness Challenges of MASS
in the Shipping and Port Sector 119
Klimanthia Kontaxaki and Vera Alexandropoulou
8 How to Ensure Safe Navigation: Navigation Safety
Regulation in MASS 139
Mika Viljanen
Part IV Global Environmental Change
9 Autonomous Vessels in the Era of Global
Environmental Change 163
Sean Pribyl
Part V Autonomous Passenger Transportation
10 Autonomous Urban Passenger Ferries—A New
Mobility Mode in Need of Appropriate Regulation 187
Øyvind Smogeli
11 New Design Solutions and Procedures for Ensuring
Meaningful Human Control and Interaction
with Autonomy: Automated Ferries in Profile 213
Christoph A. Thieme, Marilia A. Ramos, Even A. Holte,
Stig O. Johnsen, Thor Myklebust, and Øyvind Smogeli
Part VI Liability & Insurance
12 Autonomy, Autonomous Shipping and Coastal
Authorities’ Concerns 245
Matti Eronen
13 Remote Control and Remote Risk
of Liability?—Vicarious Liability for Remotely
Controlled Vessels in Scandinavian and English Law 263
Vibe Ulfbeck and Aslı Arda
CONTENTS ix
14 Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS):
Precarious Legal Position of the Shore-Based Remote
Controller 277
Proshanto Kumar Mukherjee
15 Navigating the Turbulent Waters of Liability:
Making the Case for the Application
of Risk-Management-Based Liability Approach
to Autonomous Vessels 297
Anil Ozturk
16 Insurance of Marine Autonomous Surface Ships:
Risk Allocation, Seaworthiness and Technological
Challenges from an Underwriter’s Perspective 315
Manuel Varela Chouciño, Jonatan Echebarria Fernández,
and Johanna Hjalmarsson
Part VII Selected National & Regional Developments
17 Selected Industry Issues Regarding Autonomous
Vessels: The Canadian Perspective 337
Maria Katsivela
18 The Societal Impacts of Autonomous Ships: The
Norwegian Perspective 357
Ørnulf Jan Rødseth, Dag Atle Nesheim, Agathe Rialland,
and Even Ambros Holte
19 US Perspectives on Regulating Maritime Autonomy 377
Annie Brett
Part VIII Tying the Threads
20 Autonomous Ships: Where Is It Going from Here? 397
Paul Topping
