Autonomic Nervous System and Sleep. Order and Disorder

345 Pages·2021·12.483 MB·English

by  Sudhansu Chokroverty, Pietro Cortelli (ed.)

Sudhansu Chokroverty
Pietro Cortelli
Editors
Autonomic Nervous
System and Sleep
Order and Disorder
123
Autonomic Nervous System and Sleep
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Pietro Cortelli
Editors
Autonomic Nervous System
and Sleep
Order and Disorder
Editors
Sudhansu Chokroverty Pietro Cortelli
School of Graduate Medical Education IRCCS-ISNB, PADG1, Osp Bellaria - Pad G1
Seton Hall University DIBINEM University of Bologna
South Orange, NJ Bologna
USA Italy
ISBN 978-3-030-62262-6 ISBN 978-3-030-62263-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62263-3
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Foreword
In the past several decades, a great deal has been learned about sleep, the state in which human
beings spend about one third of their lives. It has become evident that sleep is crucial to the
normal consolidation of memories, a function so vital that perhaps it is the long-sought reason
that the phenomenon of sleep has weathered the challenges of evolution. Disordered breathing
during sleep is now one of the most common medical problems diagnosed in people of all
ages. Abnormal sleep is a major symptom of psychiatric disorders and may contribute to the
cause of exacerbations of depression and anxiety. It is also related to weight control and vari-
ous endocrine functions. Unproductive sleep is a risk factor for an array of cardiac disorders,
and it is a widely held hope that one might die peacefully in one’s sleep. If so, we would have
the connection between sleep and the heart to thank. It is becoming clear that there is virtually
no system that is not impacted by sleep.
What is the interface between the protean functions of the nervous system and sleep?
Clearly, this is mainly the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system has also
undergone intense study since its discovery just over 100 years ago. Yet, there has never been
a single volume dedicated to the relationship of the autonomic nervous system and sleep, until
now. In Autonomic Nervous System and Sleep: Order and Disorder, two distinguished
experts, one in sleep and the other in the autonomic nervous system, collaborated to produce
and edit an authoritative tome addressing virtually every important facet of the interface
between these two interlocking, largely unconscious aspects of the function of the human ner-
vous system.
For the benefit of the newcomer, the book begins with the basics of the anatomy and physi-
ology of the autonomic nervous system, the sleep-wakefulness network, and the control over
the cardiovascular system. Part II is a review of the most important laboratory testing proce-
dures used in the evaluation of patients suspected of harboring a disorder of sleep and/or the
autonomic nervous system. The bulk of the book is in Part III, in which virtually every impor-
tant clinical syndrome is reviewed in an authoritative manner. The volume editors have chosen
a cast of superstars, each with deep expertise in the various disorders of the sleep–autonomic
interface. The chapters are both scientifically rigorous and clinically useful, such that the book
can be used either as a reference volume or a handbook, rigorously edited by Professors
Chokroverty and Cortelli, such that it will be a classic that will be procured and valued by
students, residents, faculty, and experts.
Founding Chair Emeritus, Department of Neurology, Martin A. Samuels, MD
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Miriam Sydney
Joseph Distinguished Professor of Neurology,
Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA, USA
v
Preface
Since its early discovery in the late nineteenth century, the autonomic nervous system (ANS),
subserving a very important function of the human body along with its significance, remained
largely neglected or poorly recognized by the clinicians for the next 75 years or so. It is now
recognized that there is a dynamic coupling among the ANS, particularly the central auto-
nomic network (CAN), somatic central (CNS), peripheral nervous system, and sleep-wake
neurons in the CNS. Traditional thinking has been centered on the role of ANS in wakefulness,
but there are profound changes in the ANS during sleep (normal sleep is now considered a vital
function of human health). There is not a single textbook available describing this significant
interaction between the ANS and sleep, although there are journal articles and a few scattered
chapters in textbooks. It is therefore now an opportune moment to bring out this dynamic bidi-
rectional relationship (anatomically and functionally), discussing its significance and clinical
implications in a comprehensive (yet not encyclopedic) textbook. This close coupling between
the ANS, sleep, and the CNS reflects a mind–body interaction during human sleep-wake states.
We, the editors, have succeeded in attracting some of the world’s leading experts in the
fields of autonomic and sleep medicine to contribute to this volume, which bodes well and will
enhance the stature of this textbook.
The volume is divided into three broad parts: I. Basics, II. Laboratory Evaluation, and
III. Clinical Aspects, addressing the order and disorder of the interaction between the ANS and
sleep and capturing many of the recent advances in 30 chapters. It should be useful not only to
sleep specialists and senior trainees but also to general internists, pulmonary physicians, pedia-
tricians, family physicians, otolaryngologists, dentists , neurosurgeons, and neuroscientists
interested in patients suffering from sleep and autonomic dysfunction as well as those para-
medical and ancillary staff with an interest in sleep and autonomic medicine ( e.g., nurses,
technologists, and other healthcare workers). Finally, this book should be useful to both the
beginners and those advanced in the field.
Edison, NJ, USA Sudhansu Chokroverty, MD
Bologna, Italy Pietro Cortelli, MD, PhD

vii
Acknowledgments
First, we like to thank all the contributors for their scholarly and insightful writings and their
patience and dedication to see the volume in production. Additionally, we wish to thank all
those (authors, editors, and publishers) responsible for granting permission to reproduce illus-
trations, tables, and boxes that have been published previously in other books and journals. We
owe a great deal to Gregory Sutorius, senior editor of clinical medicine at Springer Nature,
New York, NY, for his professionalism, dedication, and commitment to see the book in print
as quickly as possible. We must thank Katherine Kreilkamp at Springer whose functions
included formatting, preparation of proofs, and pushing through production. We also like to
thank the other dedicated staff at Springer, New York, who played a significant role in produc-
ing the book in its final format.
The senior editor (SC) wishes to thank Chelsea Reimer, editorial assistant to the Sleep
Medicine journal, for her valiant support and dedication for organizing the table of contents,
keeping an eye on the contributors for prompt revision, making corrections, editing, and typ-
ing, in addition to her major function as editorial assistant to the journal. Last but not least, the
senior editor must acknowledge his wife, Manisha Chokroverty, MD, for her usual and unfail-
ing and continued support, love, patience, and tolerance throughout the long period of writing,
editing, and proof reading during the production and publication of the book.
We would like to acknowledge with gratitude Professor Martin A. Samuels, Professor of
Neurology at Harvard Medical School and Emeritus Chairman of Neurology at Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, for his thoughtful “FOREWORD” written for this book.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sudhansu Chokroverty and Pietro Cortelli
Part I Basics
2 Central Autonomic Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Kamal Shouman and Eduardo E. Benarroch
3 Functional Neuroanatomy of the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . 19
Sudhansu Chokroverty and Sushanth Bhat
4 Functional Neuroanatomy and Mechanism of Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Sudhansu Chokroverty
5 Physiological Changes in the Autonomic Nervous System During Sleep . . . . . . . . 43
Roberto Amici and Giovanna Zoccoli
6 Brain–Heart Interaction: Cardiovascular Reflexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Alessandro Silvani
7 Sleep and Circadian Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Massimiliano de Zambotti and Fiona C. Baker
8 Nocturnal Arousal Phenomenon and the Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . 71
Liborio Parrino
Part II L aboratory Evaluation
9 Methods of Laboratory Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System
in Wakefulness and Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Jacquie Baker and Kurt Kimpinski
10 Interpreting Heart Rate Variability in Sleep: Why, When, and How? . . . . . . . . . 99
Massimo Pagani, Pietro Guaraldi, Francesca Baschieri,
Daniela Lucini, and Pietro Cortelli
11 Laboratory Evaluation of Sleep Disorders: PSG, MSLT, MWT,
and Actigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Sushanth Bhat and Sudhansu Chokroverty
Part III Clinical Aspects
12 An Approach to a Patient with Suspected Autonomic
and Sleep Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Sudhansu Chokroverty
xi
xii Contents
13 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults and the Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . .159
Jose-Alberto Palma and Horacio Kaufmann
14 Primary Insomnia and Dysautonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Sara Marelli, and Maria Salsone
15 Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Limb Movements, and Dysautonomia . . . . . .173
Marie-Hélène Pennestri, Rebecca Burdayron, and Alex Desautels
16 NREM-Related Parasomnias and Dysautonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Federica Provini and Giuseppe Plazzi
17 Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Dysautonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Lucie Barateau and Yves Dauvilliers
18 Fatal Familial Insomnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Luca Baldelli, Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura, Federica Provini,
and Pietro Cortelli
19 Sleep-Related Epilepsy, Dysautonomia, and Sudden Nocturnal Death . . . . . . . . .213
Paola Proserpio, Thea Giacomini, Elio Clemente Agostoni,
and Lino Nobili
20 The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Christopher J. Mathias, Andrew P. Owens, and Valeria Iodice
21 Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Kevin S. Gipson and Christian Guilleminault
22 Autonomic Dysfunction in Parasomnias of REM Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Jennifer Zitser and Mitchell G. Miglis
23 Multiple System Atrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
Roberto Vetrugno
24 Pure Autonomic Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Ramesh K. Khurana
25 Acute Autonomic Neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Walter Struhal
26 Familial Dysautonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
Jose-Alberto Palma and Horacio Kaufmann
27 Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Anastasios Tentolouris and Nikolaos Tentolouris
28 Spinal Cord Lesion and Dysautonomia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Valeria Iodice and Christopher J. Mathias
29 Dysautonomia and Sleep Dysfunction in Pediatric Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Suresh Kotagal
30 Autonomic Regulation of Sleep-Related Gastrointestinal Function . . . . . . . . . . .333
William C. Orr and Samih Raad
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Contributors
Editors
Sudhansu Chokroverty, MD, FRCP Hackensack Meridian Health, Neuroscience Institute at
JFK, JFK University Medical Center, Edison, NJ, USA
Seton Hall University & Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall, South
Orange, NJ, USA
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Pietro Cortelli, MD, PhD IRCCS Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy
Contributors
Elio Clemente Agostoni, MD Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Grande
Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
Roberto Amici, MD Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM),
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Fiona C. Baker, PhD SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
Jacquie Baker, PhD University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON,
Canada
Luca Baldelli, MBBS Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM),
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Lucie Barateau, MD Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, National
Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier,
France
PSNREC, University Montpellier, INSERM 1061, Montpellier, France
Francesca Baschieri, MD Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM),
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Eduardo E. Benarroch, MD Division of Autonomic Disorders, Department of Neurology,
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Sushanth Bhat, MD Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health, JFK Medical
Center, Seton Hall University, Edison, NJ, USA
Rebecca Burdayron, BSc Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill
University, Montréal, QC, Canada
xiii