Automotive Steels: Design, Metallurgy, Processing and Applications

481 Pages·2016·24.04 MB·English

by  Radhakanta Rana

Automotive Steels
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals
and Surface Engineering
Automotive Steels
Design, Metallurgy, Processing
and Applications
Edited by
Radhakanta Rana
Shiv Brat Singh
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Contents
Listofcontributors ix
1 Designofautobody:materialsperspective 1
J.R.FeketeandJ.N.Hall
1.1 Historyofsteelusageinvehiclebodystructuresandclosures 1
1.2 Significanteventsinhistoryimpactingsteelapplication
invehicledesign 1
1.3 Breakdowninvehiclebymaterialmassandapplication 8
1.4 Improvedsafetyandfueleconomy:currentregulations 9
1.5 Vehicleenergylossesandcontributiontofueleconomy
throughmassreduction 12
1.6 Summary 16
References 16
2 Steelsforautobodies:ageneraloverview 19
J.N.HallandJ.R.Fekete
2.1 Steelgradesanddesignstrategyforautobodyapplications 19
2.2 Steel’scontributiontofueleconomythroughmass
reduction 25
2.3 Recentbodystructure&closuresproductionapplications 28
2.4 Manufacturingconcerns 31
2.5 Futuresteeltechnology 35
2.6 Sustainability/lifecycleassessment 37
2.7 Summary 43
References 44
3 Formabilityofautocomponents 47
E.H.Atzema
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Basicconcepts 48
3.3 Advancedprocessanalysis 48
3.4 Basicconcepts 50
3.5 Advancedprocessanalysis 63
3.6 Formingprocesses 70
3.7 Formabilityaspectsofdifferentsteels 82
vi Contents
3.8 Conclusions 90
Acknowledgments 90
References 90
4 Physicalmetallurgyofsteels:anoverview 95
G.Krauss
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Theiron-carbonphasediagram 96
4.3 Austenite 98
4.4 Ferriteandcementite 99
4.5 Steelmicrostructure:generalconsiderations 100
4.6 Steelmicrostructuresproducedbydiffusion:
ferrite,pearlite,andbainite 101
4.7 Diffusionlesstransformationofaustenite:martensite 104
4.8 TransformationdiagramsandJominyEndQuenchCurves 108
4.9 Summary 110
References 110
5 Deepdrawablesteels 113
P.GhoshandR.K.Ray
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Aluminumkilled(AK)steels 116
5.3 Interstitial free(IF)andinterstitial freehighstrength
(IFHS)steels 127
5.4 Bakehardening(BH)steels 138
5.5 Summaryandconclusions 140
References 141
6 Highstrengthlowalloyed(HSLA)steels 145
C.I.Garcia
6.1 Historyanddefinition 145
6.2 Structure(cid:1)propertyrelationships:effectofmicrostructure
onthemechanicalpropertiesofHSLAsteels 148
6.3 Fundamentalmetallurgicalprinciplesofthermomechanical
processing 150
6.4 ExamplesofhotandcoldrolledHSLAsteelsused
inthetransportationindustry 153
6.5 Transformationbehavior 155
6.6 Summary 165
References 166
7 Dual-phasesteels 169
N.Fonstein
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Effectofstructureonmechanicalpropertiesofdual-phasesteels 170
Contents vii
7.3 Obtainingdual-phasesteelsbytransformationsofausteniteusing
controlledcoolingfromtheintercriticalregion 186
7.4 Obtainingas-rolleddual-phasemicrostructurebycooling
ofdeformedaustenite 197
7.5 Effectsofchemicalcompositionondual-phasesteels 198
7.6 Applicationofdual-phasesteelsinmoderncars 208
7.7 Summary 208
References 209
8 TRIPaidedandcomplexphasesteels 217
K.SugimotoandM.Mukherjee
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Processingrouteandmicrostructure 219
8.3 Alloydesign 224
8.4 Microstructuremodeling 229
8.5 Deformation-inducedtransformationofretainedaustenite 231
8.6 Mechanicalproperties 239
8.7 Pressformability 245
8.8 Othermechanicalproperties 247
8.9 Summary 248
References 249
9 Bakehardeningofautomotivesteels 259
E.PerelomaandI.Timokhina
9.1 Introduction 259
9.2 Mechanismsofbakehardeningresponse 260
9.3 Factorsaffectingbakehardeningresponse 264
9.4 Bakehardeningofmulti-phasesteels 272
9.5 Modeling 281
9.6 Effectofbakehardeningontheperformanceofautomotivesteels 282
9.7 Summary 283
References 283
10 Bainiticandquenchingandpartitioningsteels 289
E.DeMoorandJ.G.Speer
10.1 Introduction 289
10.2 Bainiticsteels 289
10.3 Quenching&partitioning 292
10.4 Substitutionofsiliconbyaluminum 294
10.5 Manganese alloying 296
10.6 Carbonalloying 298
10.7 Molybdenumadditions 301
10.8 Competingreactionsduringpartitioning 304
10.9 LocalformabilityofbainiticandQ&Psteels 308
10.10 Conclusions 312
viii Contents
Acknowledgments 312
Disclaimer 313
References 313
11 HighMnTWIPsteelandmediumMnsteel 317
B.C.DeCooman
11.1 Introduction 317
11.2 HighMnTWIPsteel 320
11.3 MediumMnTRIPandTWIP1TRIPsteel 352
11.4 OutlookforhighMnTWIPsteelandmediumMnsteel 360
11.5 Summary 379
Acknowledgment 379
Listofabbreviations 379
References 380
12 Hotformedsteels 387
E.Billur
12.1 Introduction 387
12.2 Physicalmetallurgyofhotformingsteels 392
12.3 Hotformingsteels 393
12.4 Blankcoatings 398
12.5 Typicalautomotiveapplications 402
12.6 Summaryandfutureoutlook 405
References 406
13 ForgingGradeSteelsforAutomotives 413
O.N.Mohanty
13.1 Introduction 413
13.2 Basicphysicalmetallurgyrelevanttohotforging 417
13.3 Evolutionofmicroalloyedforgingsteels 436
13.4 Steelsforautomotiveforging—thewayforward 447
References 448
Index 455
List of contributors
E.H.Atzema TataSteel,IJmuiden,TheNetherlands
E. Billur Billur Metal Form Ltd., Bursa, Turkey; Atılım University, Ankara,
Turkey
B.C. De Cooman Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH, Pohang,
SouthKorea
E.DeMoor ColoradoSchoolofMines,Golden,CO,UnitedStates
J.R. Fekete National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United
States
N.Fonstein ArcelorMittalGlobalR&D,EastChicagoLabs,UnitedStates
C.I.Garcia UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA,UnitedStates
P.Ghosh TataSteel,Jamshedpur,India
J.N.Hall SteelMarketDevelopmentInstitute,Southfield,MI,UnitedStates
G.Krauss ColoradoSchoolofMines,Golden,CO,UnitedStates
O.N.Mohanty RSBGroup,Pune,India
M.Mukherjee TataSteelLtd.,Jamshedpur,Jharkhand,India
E.Pereloma UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong,NSW,Australia
R.K. Ray Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, West
Bengal,India
J.G.Speer ColoradoSchoolofMines,Golden,CO,UnitedStates
K.Sugimoto ShinshuUniversity,Wakasato,Nagano,Japan
I.Timokhina DeakinUniversity,Geelong,VIC,Australia