Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-39: Comparative Analyses

367 Pages·2002·1.33 MB·English

by  Dirk Berg-Schlosser

Authoritarianism and
Democracy in Europe,
1919-39
Comparative Analyses
Edited by
Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Jeremy Mitchell
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Advances in Political Science: An International Series
Members of the editorial board: Asher Arian (general editor), Luigi Graziano,
William Lafferty, Theodore Lowiand Carole Pateman
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HEALTH POLICY REFORM, NATIONAL VARIATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION
Asher Arian, David Nachmias and Ruth Amir
EXECUTIVE GOVERNANCE IN ISRAEL
Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Jeremy Mitchell (editors)
AUTHORITARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE, 1919–39
Comparative Analyses
Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Jeremy Mitchell (editors)
CONDITIONS OF DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE, 1919–39
Systematic Case-Studies
Klaus von Beyme
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN EASTERN EUROPE
Malcolm M. Feeley and Setsuo Miyazawa (editors)
THE JAPANESE ADVERSARY SYSTEM IN CONTEXT
Controversies and Comparisons
Ofer Feldman
THE JAPANESE POLITICAL PERSONALITY
Luigi Graziano
LOBBYING, PLURALISM AND DEMOCRACY
Justin Greenwood and Henry Jacek (editors)

ORGANIZED BUSINESS AND THE NEW GLOBAL ORDER
Asha Gupta
BEYOND PRIVATIZATION
Saadia Touval
MEDIATION IN THE YUGOSLAV WARS
The Critical Years, 1990–95
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Mino Vianello and Gwen Moore (editors)
GENDERING ELITES
Economic and Political Leadership in 27 Industrialised Societies

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Authoritarianism and
Democracy in Europe,
1919–39
Comparative Analyses
Edited by
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Professor of Political Science
Philipps-University
Marburg
Germany
and
Jeremy Mitchell
Lecturer in Government
The Open University
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Editorial matter and selection © Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Jeremy Mitchell 2002
Introduction,Chapter 13 and Conclusions © Dirk Berg-Schlosser 2002
Chapter 8 © Jeremy Mitchell 2002
Remaining Chapters © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2002
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe,1919–39:comparative
analyses/edited byDirk Berg-Schlosser and Jeremy Mitchell.
p.cm.– (Advances in political science)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 –333–96606–6
1.Europe – politics and government – 1918–1945.2.Democracy – Europe.
3.Authoritarianism – Europe.4.Democracy.5.Fascism.I.Berg-Schlosser,Dirk.II.
Mitchell,Jeremy,1943– III.Advances in political science (Palgrave (Firm))
JN12.A98 2002
320.94’09’041–dc21
2002025101
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd,Chippenham and Eastbourne
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Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Notes on the Contributors x
Preface xi
List of Abbreviations xii
Introduction 1
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Part I Historical and Social Background
1 The Heritage of the First World War 7
Jerzy Holzer
2 Building Nations and Crafting Democracies – Competing
Legitimacies in Interwar Eastern Europe 20
Mark R. Thompson
3 Class Structure and Democratization 39
John D. Stephens and Gerhard Kümmel
4 Sources of Authoritarianism in Eastern and
South-Eastern Europe 64
Stephen Fischer-Galati
Part II The Social Arena: Major Forces and Actors
5 Organized Interests and their Patterns of Interaction 77
Allan Zink
6 The Role of Fascist Movements 101
Marco Tarchi
Part III The Political Arena
7 Electoral Systems, Party System Fragmentation and
Government Instability 131
Lauri Karvonen and Sven Quenter
8 Political Institutions and Political Stability 163
Jeremy Mitchell
9 External Factors 176
Gerhard Kümmel
v
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vi Contents
10 The Impact of the World Economic Crisis and
Political Reactions 208
Thomas Saalfeld
Part IV Overall Comparisons and Dynamic Analyses
11 Systematic Matching and Contrasting of Cases 235
Gisèle De Meur and Dirk Berg-Schlosser
12 Reduction of Complexity 270
Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Gisèle De Meur
13 Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis 285
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Part V Conclusion
14 Implications for Theories of Democracy 319
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Appendix: Definition of Variables (Boolean version) 324
Bibliography 327
Index 350
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List of Figures
5.1 Patterns of interest mediation 78
7.1 Effects of party system fragmentation 132
7.2 Path model of electoral system effects 132
11.1 Comparative research designs 238
11.2 MDSO among survivors 242
11.3 MDSO among breakdowns 249
11.4 MDSO among authoritarian breakdowns 254
11.5 MDSO among fascist breakdowns 256
11.6 MSDO contrasting survivors and breakdowns 258
11.7 MSDO comparing fascist and authoritarian breakdowns 264
12.1 Analytical map of Europe 282
13.1 Factor interactions 306
13.2 Survival function 308
13.3a Crisis histogram – survivors 310
13.3b Crisis histogram – breakdowns 311

vii
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List of Tables
2.1 Titular nationalities and major minorities as a percentage
of population with the dominant stance of the minorities
towards multi-national interwar East European states 29
2.2 Irredentism in interwar East Central Europe 33
3.1 Agrarian elites and political outcomes 44
3.2 The social and historical constellation (1850–1900) and
political outcome in the interwar period 46
5.1 Raw data on intermediary structures 88
5.2 Intermediary structures: Boolean variables 90
5.3 Trade union membership (under conditions of
democratic government) 91
6.1 Fascist electoral support and the fate of democracy in
Europe in the interwar period 110
6.2 Role of fascist movements and the fate of democracy in
Europe in the interwar period 126
7.1 Possible relationships between fragmentation, instability
and breakdown 132
7.2 Types of electoral systems 141
7.3 Electoral system and the fate of democracy in interwar
Europe 143
7.4 Government durability by electoral system 143
7.5 Fragmentation of parliaments by electoral systems 144
7.6 Survival and breakdown of democracy in interwar
Europe – average values of explanatory factors for two
groups of countries 145
7.7 Correlates of breakdown/survival of democracy in interwar
Europe 147

7.8 Correlates of cabinet duration in interwar Europe 149
7.9 Party system fragmentation, cabinet instability and
the fate of democracy in interwar Europe 151
7.10 Summary of relationships between changes in party
systemic variables and changes in political stability
(breakdown of democracy) 157
7.11 Summary of relationships between changes in party
systemic variables and changes in political stability
(survival of democracy) 159
7.12 Summary of two tests of the fragmentation hypothesis 159
8.1 European democracies 1919–39 165
8.2 Regime type among European democracies 1919–39 171
viii
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List of Tables ix
8.3 Regime type and the survival/breakdown of
European democracies 172
9.1 Trading states and competitive world market integration 206
10.1 Sectoral distribution of the work force in
European states, 1920 209
10.2 GDP (1913(cid:2)100) in ten European democracies, 1920 211
10.3 Percentage changes in industrial production and output
(GDP) and absolute differences in unemployment rates
1929–32 and 1932–38 213
10.4 Unemployment in ten European countries, 1919–38 214
10.5 The gold standard in interwar Europe 231
11.1 Pairwise and triple comparisons – Czechoslovakia vs.
Great Britain and Sweden 243
11.2 MDSO – Finland vs. Great Britain, Ireland,
the Netherlands and Belgium 247
11.3 MDSO – Germany vs. Portugal, Romania and Greece 250
11.4 MDSO – Spain vs. Estonia and Greece 252
11.5 MDSO – Spain, Portugal and Greece 255
11.6 MDSO – Germany, Estonia, Romania and Italy 257
11.7 MSDO – Great Britain and France vs. Greece and Spain 259
11.8 MSDO – Czechoslovakia vs. Austria and Hungary 260
11.9 MSDO – Sweden and Ireland vs. Estonia and Hungary 261
11.10 MSDO – Finland vs. Estonia and Germany 263
11.11 MSDO – Greece vs. Estonia, Austria and Romania 265
11.12 MSDO – Hungary vs. Portugal and Poland 265
11.13 MSDO – Italy and Germany vs. Spain and Portugal 266
12.1 ‘Truth Table’, category 3 273
12.2 Reduction of variables – synopsis of results 279
13.1 Background conditions and consequences of the
First World War 286
13.2 Political and economic indicators (1919–23) 288
13.3 Political and economic indicators (1924–28) 292

13.4 Political and economic indicators (1929–39) 294
13.5 Crisis indicators (percentage change and crisis peak) 296
13.6 Social and electoral reactions 298
13.7 Economic policy reactions (percentage change between
1928 and peak or bottom) 301
13.8 Major actors and moves 304
13.9 Event history analysis 1919–39, Cox regressions 308
14.1 Discriminant analysis (‘super 8’ variables) 322