Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy

373 Pages·2020·2.668 MB·English

by  Stewart Firth

Australia in
International
Politics

Australia in
International
Politics
AN INTRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY
STEWART FIRTH
3rd edition
First published 2011 by Allen & Unwin
Published 2020 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © Stewart Firth 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known
or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Cataloguing-in-Publication details are available
from the National Library of Australia
www.trove.nla.gov.au
Text design by Emily O’Neill
Typeset in Minion Regular 12/14.5 pt by Midland Typesetters, Australia
ISBN-13: 9781742372631 (pbk)
Contents
Acknowledgements vi
Acronyms vii
Introduction xi
Part I The evolution of Australian foreign policy 1
1 Foreign relations, 1901–83 3
2 Foreign policy under Hawke and Keating, 1983–96 30
3 Foreign policy under Howard, 1996–2007 52
4 The making of foreign policy 78
Part II Security 105
5 The United Nations and international security 107
6 Defence and regional security 134
7 The nuclear challenge 159
8 Intervention and state building 181
Part III Economy 213
9 Globalisation and the global fi nancial crisis 215
10 The politics of international trade 238
Part IV Issues in foreign policy 259
11 The global environment 261
12 Foreign aid 283
13 Human rights 307
Epilogue 332
Glossary 336
Notes 342
Index 351
Acknowledgements
The late John Iremonger of Allen & Unwin suggested I write the fi rst edition of
this book, and I did so only because John cajoled, encouraged and humoured
me to the fi nish. John was a brilliant editor. The fi rst edition also owed much
to the scepticism and intellectual commitment of the late Michael Wills, who
tutored and lectured Australian foreign policy with me at Macquarie University
in the 1990s. I wrote the second edition in Fiji, where students and colleagues
at the University of the South Pacifi c alerted me to the impact—not always
positive—of Australian foreign policy on its small neighbours. And I taught
the substance of this third edition to students in the Australian foreign policy
course at the ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences in the fi rst semester of
2010. They were interested and provocative, and I revised the book in the light
of their reactions to it. I thank them.
I owe much to Elizabeth Weiss at Allen & Unwin for her patient encourage-
ment with this edition, and to her colleague Clara Finlay, who wrought miracles
in editing my words to publishable standard.
I owe most to my life partner Kate Hannan, a writer herself, who knows the
demands books make and whose understanding is complete.
ACRONYMS vii
ACRONYMS
AANZFTA ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
ABARE Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation
ACFID Australian Council for International Development
ADF Australian Defence Force
AFP Australian Federal Police
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area
AIF Australian Imperial Force
AIG American International Group
ALP Australian Labor Party
ANZAC Australia and New Zealand Army Corps
ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States [Treaty]
APEC Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation [forum]
APP Asia-Pacifi c Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
ARF ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEM Asia–Europe Meeting
ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
ASIS Australian Secret Intelligence Service
ASPI Australian Strategic Policy Institute
AusAID Australian Agency for International Development
AUSMIN Australia–United States Ministerial Consultations
AWB Australian Wheat Board Limited
BRA Bougainville Revolutionary Army
CBRN chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear [weapons]
CER Closer Economic Relations Agreement [Australia–NZ]
CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
CERN European Organisation for Nuclear Research
CFC chlorofl uorocarbon
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CTBT Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
DAC Development Assistance Committee of OECD
DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
DIGO Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation
DIO Defence Intelligence Organisation
DSD Defence Signals Directorate
EC European Community
viii AUSTRALIA IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
ETM elaborately transformed manufacture
EU European Union
F-FDTL Falintil-Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste
FIRB Foreign Investment Review Board
FPDA Five Power Defence Arrangements
FTA free trade agreement
FUNCINPEC N ational United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and
Cooperative Cambodia
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP gross domestic product
GICNT Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
GNI gross national income
GNP gross national product
HDI human development index
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICISS I nternational Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
ICNND I nternational Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and
Disarmament
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IDG International Deployment Group
IMF International Monetary Fund
INTERFET International Force in East Timor
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISAF International Security Assistance Force
ISF International Stabilisation Force
JDSC Joint Declaration of Security Cooperation (Japan–Australia)
JSCFAD&T J oint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade
KPNLF Khmer People’s National Liberation Front
MEF Malaita Eagle Force
MPs members of parliament
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGOs non-government organisations
NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
NICs newly industrialising countries
NSC National Security Committee of Cabinet
ACRONYMS ix
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
ONA Offi ce of National Assessments
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PACER Plus Pacifi c Agreement on Closer Economic Relations
PBS Pharmaceutical Benefi ts Scheme
PM&C Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet
PNG Papua New Guinea
PNTL Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste
R2P responsibility to protect
RAAF Royal Australian Air Force
RAMSI Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
RAN Royal Australian Navy
SBS Special Broadcasting Service
SIGINT signals intelligence
SORT Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (US–Russia)
SPNFZ South Pacifi c Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga)
START I, START II Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
TRIPS A greement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
UN United Nations
UNAMET United Nations Mission in East Timor
UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNESCO U nited Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNITAF Unifi ed Task Force of Operation Restore Hope
UNMISET United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor
UNMIT United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste
UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia
UNOTIL United Nations Offi ce in East Timor
UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
VCPOL Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
WHO World Health Organization
WMD weapons of mass destruction
WTO World Trade Organization
WWF World Wildlife Fund