Austral Ark the state of wildlife in Australia and New Zealand

688 Pages·35.032 MB·English

by  Holwell, Gregory I.;Maclean, Norman;Stow, Adam

Austral Ark
The State of Wildlife in Australia
and New Zealand
AustraliaandNewZealandarehometoaremarkableanduniqueassemblageoffloraand
fauna.Sadly,byvirtueoftheirlongisolationandanaïveandvulnerablebiota,both
countrieshavesufferedsubstantiallossestobiodiversitysinceEuropeancontact.
Bringingtogetherthecontributionsofleadingconservationbiologists,AustralArk
presentsthespecialfeaturesandhistoricalcontextofAustralbiota,andexplainswhat
is being conserved and why. The threatening processes occurring worldwide are
discussed, along with the unique conservation problems faced at regional level. At
thesametime,thebookhighlightsmanyexamplesofconservationsuccessresulting
fromtheinnovativesolutionsthathavebeendevelopedtosafeguardnativespecies
andhabitatsinbothAustraliaandNewZealand.
Austral Arkfills animportant gap regardingwildlife gainsand declines,and how
besttotakeconservationforwardtokeepthisextraordinaryareaoftheworldthriving.
Adam Stow is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at
MacquarieUniversityinAustralia.Hisresearchfocussesonthreebroadthemes:con-
servation genetics, evolutionary processes and molecular ecology. He is Head of the
ConservationGeneticsGroupwhichcarriesoutresearchonanimals,bothvertebrate
and invertebrate, in both marine and terrestrial environments. He is a nominated
scientific experttothe stateand federal governmentsfor sharkconservation andan
academiceditorfortheopenaccessscientificjournalPLoSONE.Regardedasatalented
sciencecommunicator,hepromoteswildlifeconservationtoarangeofaudiences.
NormanMacleanisEmeritusProfessorofGeneticsatSouthamptonUniversity.Heis
theMolecularEditorofJournalofFishBiology,hasauthoredandeditedadozenbooks
on genetics and has published about 150 papers. He is a member of RSPB, BTO,
Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust and Southampton Natural History
Society, and has studied wildlife (as an amateur) in over 50 countries. In 2010 he
edited Silent Summer: The State of Wildlife in Britain and Ireland, published by
CambridgeUniversityPress.
Gregory I. Holwell is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences at the
UniversityofAuckland.Hisresearchfocusesonthebehaviour,ecology,evolutionand
conservation of insects and other invertebrates throughout Australia, New Zealand
and South East Asia. Much of his research has centred on praying mantises, most
recentlyinvestigatingtheimpactofaninvasiveSouthAfricanprayingmantisonNew
Zealand’s only native mantis. He is a passionate naturalist and advocate for the
conservationofourlittle-knowninvertebratefauna.

Austral Ark
The State of Wildlife
in Australia
and New Zealand
Editedby
Adam Stow
MacquarieUniversity,Ryde,Sydney,Australia
Norman Maclean
UniversityofSouthampton,U.K.
Gregory I. Holwell
UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107033542
©CambridgeUniversityPress,2015
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2015
PrintedinSingaporebyC.O.SPrintersPteLtd
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Australark:thestateofwildlifeinAustraliaandNewZealand/editedbyAdam
Stow,MacquarieUniversity,Ryde,Sydney,Australia,NormanMaclean,University
ofSouthampton,U.K.,GregoryI.Holwell,UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand.
pages cm
Includesindex.
ISBN978-1-107-03354-2
1. Wildlifeconservation–Australia. 2. Wildlifeconservation–NewZealand.
3. Biodiversity–Australia. 4. Biodiversity–NewZealand. 5. Endangeredspecies–Australia.
6. Endangeredspecies–NewZealand. I. Stow,Adam,1971–editorofcompilation.
II. Maclean,Norman,1932-editorofcompilation. III. Holwell,GregoryI.,editorof
compilation. IV. Title:StateofwildlifeinAustraliaandNewZealand.
QL84.7.A1A86 2014
333.95′40993–dc23
2014013701
ISBN978-1-107-03354-2Hardback
Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/9781107033542
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
CONTENTS
Listofcontributors vii
ForewordbyProfessorTimFlannery xiii
Introduction xv
1. Aseparatecreation:diversity,distinctivenessandconservationofAustralian
wildlife 1
DavidA.Nipperess
2. NewZealand–alandapart 24
WilliamG.LeeandDaphneE.Lee
3. TheecologicalconsequencesofhabitatlossandfragmentationinNewZealand
andAustralia 45
PoppyLakemanFraser,RobertM.EwersandSaulCunningham
4. TheimpactsofclimatechangeonAustralianandNewZealandfloraandfauna 65
AbigailCabrelli,LindaBeaumontandLesleyHughes
5. Unwelcomeandunpredictable:thesorrysagaofcanetoadsinAustralia 83
RichardShineandBenjaminL.Phillips
6. InvasiveplantsandinvadedecosystemsinAustralia:implicationsfor
biodiversity 105
RachaelV.GallagherandMichelleR.Leishman
7. EnvironmentalweedsinNewZealand:impactsandmanagement 134
MargaretC.StanleyandImogenE.Bassett
8. Theinsidiousthreatofinvasiveinvertebrates 162
DarrenF.Ward
9. Pollutionbyantibioticsandresistancegenes:disseminationintoAustralian
wildlife 186
MichaelGillings
10. InvasivevertebratesinAustraliaandNewZealand 197
CherylR.Krull,JosieA.Galbraith,AlS.GlenandHelenW.Nathan
11. FreshwatersinNewZealand 227
MikeJ.Joy
12. Agardenattheedgeoftheworld;thediversityandconservationstatus
oftheNewZealandflora 240
CarlosA.Lehnebach
13. TheevolutionaryhistoryoftheAustralianfloraanditsrelevancetobiodiversity
conservation 259
MaurizioRossetto
14. Protectingthesmallmajority:insectconservationinAustraliaandNewZealand 278
GregoryI.HolwellandNigelR.Andrew
15. Terrestrialmammaldiversity,conservationandmanagementinAustralia 298
MarkD.B.EldridgeandCatherineA.Herbert
16. Marinemammals,backfromthebrink?Contemporaryconservationissues 322
RobertHarcourt,HeleneMarsh,DavidSlip,LouiseChilvers,MikeNoad
andRebeccaDunlop
17. Australianreptilesandtheirconservation 354
JonathanK.Webb,PeterS.HarlowandDavidA.Pike
v
vi Contents
18. NewZealandreptilesandtheirconservation 382
NicolaJ.Nelson,RodHitchmoughandJoM.Monks
19. Isolation,invasionandinnovation:forcesofchangeintheconservation
ofNewZealandbirds 405
SarahWithers
20. Australianbirds:currentstatusandfutureprospects 422
StephenT.Garnett,JuditK.SzaboandDonaldC.Franklin
21. Australamphibians–Gondwananrelictsinperil 440
Jean-MarcHero,J.DaleRoberts,ConradJ.Hoskin,KatrinLowe,
EdwardJ.NarayanandPhillipJ.Bishop
22. Predatorsindanger:sharkconservationandmanagementinAustralia,
NewZealandandtheirneighbours 467
PaoloMomigliano,VanessaFloraJaitehandConradSpeed
23. ‘Raggedmountainranges,droughtsandfloodingrains’:theevolutionaryhistoryand
conservationofAustralianfreshwaterfishes 492
LeanneFaulks,DeanGilliganandLucianoB.Beheregaray
24. DownunderDownUnder:Australgroundwaterlife 512
GrantC.Hose,MariaG.Asmyhr,StevenJ.B.CooperandWilliamF.Humphreys
25. FireandbiodiversityinAustralia 537
John C. Z. Woinarski, Allan H. Burbidge, Sarah Comer, Dan Harley, Sarah Legge,
DavidB.LindenmayerandThalieB.Partridge
26. TerrestrialprotectedareasofAustralia 560
IanD.Craigie,AlanaGrech,RobertL.Pressey,VanessaM.Adams,MarcHockings,
MartinTaylorandMeganBarnes
27. Australianmarineprotectedareas 582
AlanaGrech,GrahamJ.Edgar,PeterFairweather,RobertL.Pressey
andTrevorJ.Ward
28. MarinereservesinNewZealand:ecologicalresponsestoprotection
andnetworkdesign 600
NickShearsandHannahL.Thomas
29. Conclusion:conservationonboardAustralArkneedsallhandsondeck 624
AdamStow
Index 628
Colourplatesectionlocatedatendofbook.
CONTRIBUTORS
Vanessa M. Adams Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles
DarwinUniversity,Darwin,NT0909,AustraliaandAustralianResearchCouncilCentre
of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811,
Australia
NigelR.Andrew CentreforBehaviouralandPhysiologicalEcology,Zoology,University
ofNewEngland,Armidale,NSW,Australia,2351
Maria G. Asmyhr Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, NSW,
Australia,2109
Megan Barnes University of Queensland, Environmental Decisions Group, St Lucia,
QLD,Australia,4072
ImogenE.BassettCentreforBiodiversityandBiosecuritySchoolofBiologicalSciences,
TâmakiCampus,TheUniversityofAuckland,PrivateBag92019,AucklandMailCentre,
Auckland, New Zealand, 1142. Currently Auckland Council, Private Bag 92300,
Auckland1142.
Linda J. Beaumont Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, North
Ryde,NSW,Australia,2109
LucianoB.BeheregarayFlindersUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,AdelaideSA,
Australia,5001
PhillipJ.BishopDepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOtago,P.O.Box56,Dunedin,
NewZealand,9054
Allan H. Burbidge Department of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Place, Woodvale WA,
Australia,6026
AbigailCabrelliMacquarieUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,NorthRyde,
NSW,Australia,2109
LouiseChilvers Institute ofVet, AnimalandBiomedical Sciences,MasseyUniversity,
PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand,4410
Sarah Comer Department of Parks and Wildlife, South Coast Region, 120 Albany
Highway,Albany,WA,Australia,6330
StevenJ.B.CooperAustralianCentreforEvolutionaryBiologyandBiodiversity,School
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005,
Australia and Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace,
Adelaide,SA,Australia,5000
IanD.CraigieAustralianResearchCouncilCentreofExcellenceforCoralReefStudies,
JamesCookUniversity,Townsville,QLD,Australia,4811
Saul Cunningham, CSIRO, Black Mountain laboratories, Box 1700, Canberra, ACT,
Australia,2601
vii
viii Listofcontributors
Rebecca Dunlop Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary
Science,UniversityofQueensland,Qld,Australia,4343
Graham J. Edgar University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, HOBART TAS, Nubeena
Crescent,TaroonaSandyBay,Australia,7001
MarkD.B.Eldridge Terrestrial Vertebrates, Australian Museum, 6 College Street,
Sydney,NewSouthWales,Australia,2010
RobertM.EwersImperialCollegeLondon,SilwoodParkCampus,AscotSL57PY,UK
PeterFairweatherFlinders University, SturtRoad,BedfordPark,SouthAustralia,5042
Leanne Faulks Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre,
UppsalaUniversity,Norbyvägen18D,75236Uppsala,Sweden
DonaldC.FranklinCharlesDarwinUniversity,DarwinNT,Australia,0909
PoppyLakemanFraserImperialCollegeLondon,SilwoodParkCampus,AscotSL57PY,
UK
JosieA.GalbraithCentreforBiodiversityandBiosecuritySchoolofBiologicalSciences,
TâmakiCampus,TheUniversityofAucklandPrivateBag,92019,AucklandMailCentre,
Auckland,NewZealand,1142
RachaelV.GallagherDepartmentofBiologicalSciences,MacquarieUniversity,North
Ryde,NSW,Australia,2109
StephenT.GarnettCharlesDarwinUniversity,DarwinNT,Australia,0909
DeanGilliganFisheriesandEcosystemsResearch,Industry&InvestmentNSW,Level1
BraysythBuilding,CnrBeachRd&OrientSt,P.O.Box17,BatemansBayNSW,Australia,
2536
Michael Gillings Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney,
NSW,Australia,2109
AlS.GlenLandcareResearchP.O.Box69040,Lincoln,NewZealand,7640
Alana Grech Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University,
Building E7A Room 602 & 603, HerringRoad,NorthRyde,NSW,Australia,2109
Robert Harcourt Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney,
NSW,Australia,2109
Dan Harley Threatened Species Biologist, Healesville Sanctuary, P.O. Box 248,
Healesville,Victoria,Australia,3777
Peter S. Harlow Herpetofauna Division, Taronga Conservation Society Australia,
Mosman,NSW,Australia,2088
Catherine A. Herbert Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney,
Camperdown,NewSouthWales,Australia,2006
Jean-Marc Hero Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment,
GriffithUniversity,GoldCoastCampus,QLD,Australia,4222