August’s Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7

1077 Pages·0223.444 MB·English

by  Susan Little Dvm Dabvp (feline)

About The Cover
The handsome feline on the cover is the late Tuxedo Stan. Stanley, one of four boys born
to a homeless mother, rose from his humble beginnings to international stardom when he
ran for mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in October, 2012. His campaign helped
raise awareness of the plight of neglected and homeless cats in Halifax and around the
world. Tuxedo Stan’s election slogan, “Because neglect isn’t working,” has been adopted by
many feline rescue groups. The newly elected Halifax municipal government donated
$40,000.00 to the local SPCA to help build a low-cost spay and neuter clinic as a direct
result of the Tuxedo Stan for Mayor campaign. Sadly, Tuxedo Stan succumbed to aggressive
renal lymphosarcoma 8 months after the election, at just 3-1/2 years of age. Stan’s brother,
Earl Grey, continues his work as leader of The Tuxedo Party of Canada. You can follow
Earl Grey and the Tuxedo Party at www.earlgreycat.com or at www.facebook.com.
Dr. Hugh Chisholm, Tuxedo Stan’s manager
August’s Consultations in
FELINE INTERNAL
MEDICINE
VOLUME 7
Edited by
Susan E. Little
DVM, DABVP (Feline)
Owner, Bytown Cat Hospital
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, MO 63043
AUGUST’S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE ISBN: 978-0-323-22652-3
VOLUME 7
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Previous volumes copyrighted 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1994, 1991
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly
+
from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: ( 1) 215 239 3804,
+
fax: ( 1) 215 239 3805, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line
via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining
Permissions.’
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate.
Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by
the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the
method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner,
relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the
fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editor assumes any liability for any injury and/or
damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-22652-3
Vice President and Publisher: Loren Wilson
Content Strategy Director: Penny Rudolph
Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower
Content Development Specialist: Brandi Graham
Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Cover photo: Dr. Hugh Chisholm
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit in the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
It is a daunting task to take over the editorial duties for this volume of Consultations in Feline
Internal Medicine from the esteemed Dr. John R. August. The first volume in this series was
published in 1991, and here we are, almost 25 years later, with the publication of volume 7. My
career as a feline specialist was shaped and enriched by these volumes and I never dreamt that one
day I’d have the honor of becoming editor. I hope this volume continues the tradition of excellence
in cutting-edge feline medicine encompassed in the previous six volumes. It is only fitting that this
volume is dedicated to the person whose vision is responsible for this body of work. Here’s to you,
Dr. August!
Preface
“Eeyore was saying to himself, ‘This writing business. Pencils intercat aggression, and house soiling. Finally, 10 chapters on
and what-not. Over-rated, if you ask me. Silly stuff. Nothing Pediatric and Geriatric Medicine were separated from Popu-
―
in it.’ ” A.A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh lation Medicine and organized into their own section by Dr.
Margie Scherk. A growing body of work is illuminating the
In the preface to the first volume of this series in 1991, Dr. special physiology and needs of cats at either end of the life
John August wrote, “I wanted to develop a book that addressed span. Chapters on anesthesia and sarcopenia in senior cats
key issues in feline medicine that were topical, practical, and will be of special interest to clinicians, and the chapter on
controversial.” He noted that the section editors for that first neonatal resuscitation covers information that is difficult to
volume, and for every succeeding volume, were tasked with find in other sources.
identifying hot topics and recruiting the very best authors. I In addition to the new sections, there are some new and
have taken those words to heart and attempted to continue exciting topics in the traditional sections. These include chap-
the tradition of publishing the best current topics in feline ters on the gut microbiome, complementary and alterna-
medicine in this volume. Such an important task was not tive therapies for inflammatory bowel disease, continuous
possible without the expert assistance of the 17 section glucose monitoring for diabetic patients, stem cell therapy
editors to identify and recruit an outstanding panel of more for chronic kidney disease, emerging dermatoses, cardiore-
than 100 international authors who are experts in their fields. spiratory disease in the shelter setting, electrochemotherapy,
The first volume in this series contained nine sections: management of large-scale cruelty cases, and controversies in
Special Problems, Dermatology, Cardiology and Respiratory feline nutrition. As always, the chapters in this book provide
Disorders, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Urinary a mix of practical information and new ideas, even contro-
Tract, Hematopoietic System, Gastrointestinal System, Neu- versial topics. They contain things you will put into everyday
rology, and Infectious Diseases. Throughout the years, in use and material that will be thought-provoking.
keeping with the changing face of feline medicine, the sec- Writing is essentially a lonely business, as many of the
tions have occasionally changed. This volume of Consultations authors included in this book will tell you, but I will have to
in Feline Internal Medicine contains 12 sections, covering disagree with Winnie the Pooh as it is clearly not “silly stuff.”
Infectious Diseases (8 chapters), Gastrointestinal Diseases (8 The fruits of the labors of many experts are now shared with
chapters), Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases (9 chapters), you and the feline medicine community. Cats do not give up
Dermatology (8 chapters), Cardiology and Respiratory Med- their secrets easily, but this volume contains many important
icine (13 chapters), Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Diseases pieces of the puzzle.
(7 chapters), Oncology (7 chapters), Nutrition (6 chapters),
Population Medicine (9 chapters), as well as three new
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
sections.
A section on Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
appears for the first time in this volume. This new section, Putting together a textbook of this magnitude is not possible
designed by editors Dr. Tony Johnson and Dr. Gretchen without an excellent publishing team and my thanks go to
Statz, contains 13 chapters on diverse topics such as the new my colleagues at Elsevier, including Brandi Graham, Penny
evidence-based guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation Rudolph, and others for their support and advice. Textbooks
in cats, treatment of hypertensive crises, and cutting-edge depend on the willingness of experts to share and teach, so I
endourology procedures (urinary diversion techniques). Also would like to express my gratitude to the section editors and
new in this volume is a section on Behavioral Medicine with authors who gave freely of their time and expertise in what
6 chapters, edited by Dr. Debra Horwitz. The inclusion of I know are already busy professional schedules. The real
this section reflects the growing body of research that helps reason I love to work on textbooks is how much I learn from
us understand both normal behavior and behavior problems my wonderful colleagues in the process! Finally, I want to
in cats. Behavior problems are some of the most common thank the excellent veterinarians and team members I work
concerns that cat owners bring to veterinarians, so it is a with every day at Bytown Cat Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario
delight to see the excellent content designed by Dr. Horwitz for their support and understanding of the seemingly endless
and her authors covering subjects such as anxiety disorders, work of editing a textbook.
vii
Section Editors
P. Jane Armstrong, DVM, MS, MBA Debra F. Horwitz, DVM, DACVB
Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Veterinary Behaviorist
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Veterinary Behavior Consultations
University of Minnesota St. Louis, Missouri
St. Paul, Minnesota Behavioral Medicine
Nutrition
Albert E. Jergens, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhD
Professor and Associate Chair for Research and Graduate
Staff Internist and Academic Director Studies
Cornell University Veterinary Specialists Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Stamford, Connecticut College of Veterinary Medicine
Adjunct Clinical Professor Iowa State University
Small Animal Clinical Sciences Ames, Iowa
Cornell University Gastrointestinal System
Ithaca, New York
Tony Johnson, DVM, DACVECC
Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Diseases
Medical Director
Christine L. Cain, DVM, DACVD
Veterinary Information Network
Assistant Professor of Dermatology Davis, California
Department of Clinical Studies Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Antony S. Moore, BVSc, MVSc
School of Veterinary Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Veterinary Oncology Consults
Dermatology Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia
Oncology
Craig A. Datz, DVM, MS, DABVP, DACVN
Mark E. Peterson, DVM, DACVIM
Adjunct Associate Professor
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine
University of Missouri Animal Endocrine Clinic
Columbia, Missouri New York, New York
Senior Scientific Affairs Manager Adjunct Professor of Medicine
Royal Canin USA Department of Clinical Sciences
St. Charles, Missouri New York State College of Veterinary Medicine
Infectious Diseases Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Brian A. DiGangi, DVM, MS, DABVP
Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
Clinical Assistant Professor
Elizabeth Rozanski, DVM
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
University of Florida Associate Professor
Gainesville, Florida Department of Clinical Sciences
Population Medicine Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, DACVIM
Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine
Adjunct Associate Professor of Shelter Medicine
John Rush, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Professor
University of Florida Department of Clinical Sciences
Gainesville, Florida Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Population Medicine North Grafton, Massachusetts
Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine
viii
Section Editors ix
Margie Scherk, DVM, Dip ABVP (Feline Practice) Séverine Tasker, BSc, BVSc (Hons), PhD, DSAM,
DipECVIM-CA, FHEA, MRCVS
catsINK
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Reader in Feline Medicine
Pediatric and Geriatric Medicine The Feline Centre
Langford Veterinary Services & School of Veterinary
Gretchen Statz, DVM, DACVECC
Sciences
Staff Criticalist University of Bristol
Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care Infectious Diseases
Indianapolis, Indiana
Angela Witzel, DVM, PhD
Internal Medicine Consultant
Antech Diagnostics Assistant Clinical Professor of Nutrition
Irvine, California Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Emergency and Critical Care Medicine University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Nutrition
Contributors
Jill L. Abraham, VMD, DACVD David Bennett, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, DVM, DSAO, FHEA,
MRCVS
Dermatologist
Department of Dermatology Professor
BluePearl Veterinary Partners School of Veterinary Medicine
New York, New York University of Glasgow
Feline Food Allergy Glasgow, Great Britain
Osteoarthritis in the Aging Cat
Karin Allenspach, DMV, ECVIM-CA, FVH, PhD, FHEA
Allyson Berent, DVM, DACVIM
Professor in Small Animal Internal Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Staff Veterinarian, Director of Interventional Endoscopy
Royal Veterinary College Services
London, Hertfordshire, Great Britain Department of Interventional Radiology / Endoscopy
Feline Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Disease The Animal Medical Center
New York, New York
Jennifer Baez, VMD, DACVIM (Internal Medicine,
Endourology in the Feline Patient: Urinary Diversion
Oncology)
Techniques
Veterinary Medical Oncologist
Darren Berger, DVM, DACVD
Department of Oncology
Center for Animal Referral and Emergency Services Assistant Professor of Dermatology
(CARES) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Langhorne, Pennsylvania College of Veterinary Medicine
Feline Mammary Carcinoma Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Melissa Bain, DVM, DACVB, MS, DACAW
Malassezia spp. in Feline Dermatology
Associate Professor of Clinical Animal Behavior
Jeannine M. Berger, DVM, DACVB, DACAW, CAWA
Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology
UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Director of Behavior Resources
Davis, California Department of Behavior
Update on Feline Housesoiling and Urine Marking San Francisco SPCA
San Francisco, California
Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhD
Feline Aggression Toward People
Staff Internist and Academic Director
April E. Blong, DVM, DACVECC
Cornell University Veterinary Specialists
Stamford, Connecticut Post-Doctoral Associate
Adjunct Clinical Professor Cornell Clinical Fellow
Small Animal Clinical Sciences Small Animal Nutrition Resident
Cornell University Cornell University
Ithaca, New York College of Veterinary Medicine
Update on Feline Urolithiasis Ithaca, New York
Urinary Tract Infection Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence-
Based Guidelines
Marie C. Bélanger, DVM, MSc, ACVIM
Manuel Boller, Dr. Med. Vet., MTR, DACVECC
Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine and
Cardiology Senior Lecturer Emergency and Critical Care
Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
University of Montreal University of Melbourne
St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Werribee, Victoria, Australia
Cardiorenal Syndrome Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence-
Based Guidelines
x
Contributors xi
Dawn Merton Boothe, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVCP Christopher G. Byers, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM (SAIM),
CVJ
Professor, Director Clinical Pharmacology
Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology; Clinical Sciences Medical Doctor
Auburn University VCA Midwest Veterinary Specialists of Omaha
Auburn, Alabama Omaha, Nebraska
Medicating the Very Young and the Very Old Cat Adjunct Associate Professor of Emergency & Critical Care
Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Allison Bradley, BA, DVM, DACVIM
Manhattan, Kansas
VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado Acute Hemolytic Disorders in Cats
Loveland, Colorado
Alane Kosanovich Cahalane, DVM, MA, DACVS-SA
Feline Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction: Medical versus
Surgical Management CEO and Co-Founder
VSH Hong Kong
Benjamin Brainard, VMD, DACVAA, DACVECC
Hong Kong, SAR China
Associate Professor, Critical Care Vascular Access Ports in Cats
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
Christine L. Cain, DVM, DACVD
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia Assistant Professor of Dermatology
Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Feline Department of Clinical Studies
Hypercoagulability University of Pennsylvania
School of Veterinary Medicine
Jennifer Broadhurst, DVM
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Division Director Diagnostically Challenging Dermatoses of Cats
Clay County Animal Care & Control
Amanda Callens, BS, LVMT
Clay County, Florida
Kitten Nurseries: A Practical Guide Veterinary Technician
Update on Feline Urolithiasis
Michael R. Broome, DVM, MS, DABVP
Daniel L. Chan, DVM, DACVECC, DACVN, DECVECC,
Advanced Veterinary Medical Imaging
FHEA, MRCVS
Tustin, California
Treatment of Severe, Unresponsive, or Recurrent Professor of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and
Hyperthyroidism Clinical Nutrition
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Concurrent Renal Disease Section of Emergency and Critical Care
Department of Clinical Science and Services
Scott A. Brown, VMD, PhD
The Royal Veterinary College
Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor University of London
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Critical Care Nutrition
University of Georgia
Dennis J. Chew, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Edward Gunst Professor of Small Animal Medicine
Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery Professor Emeritus
UGA College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Athens, Georgia The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update Columbus, Ohio
Management of Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
C.A. Tony Buffington, DVM, PhD
Martha G. Cline, DVM, DACVN
Professor
Veterinary Clinical Sciences Clinical Veterinary Nutritionist
The Ohio State University Department of Clinical Nutrition
Columbus, Ohio Red Bank Veterinary Hospital
Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Tinton Falls, New Jersey
Environmental Strategies to Promote Health and Wellness Current Feeding Practices of Cat Owners
xii Contributors
Rachel Dean, BVMS, PhD, DSAM(fel), MRCVS Daniel J. Fletcher, PhD, DVM
Director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Veterinary Associate Professor, Section of Emergency and Critical Care
Medicine Associate Chair, Department of Clinical Sciences
Clinical Associate Professor in Feline Medicine Cornell University
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus Ithaca, New York
Loughborough, Great Britain Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence-
Evidence-Based Feline Medicine: Principles and Practicalities Based Guidelines
Joao Felipe de Brito Galvao, MV, MS, DACVIM (SAIM) J.D. Foster, VMD, DACVIM
Internal Medicine Specialist and Medical Director Staff Veterinarian
Department of Internal Medicine Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine
VCA Arboretum View Animal Hospital University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine
Downers Grove, Illinois Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Management of Idiopathic Hypercalcemia Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Disease
Amy DeClue, DVM, MS, DACVIM Susan Foster, BVSc, MVetClinStud, FANZCVS
Associate Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Small Animal Medicine Consultant
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Vetnostics
University of Missouri North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
Columbia, Missouri Adjunct Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Cats with Diabetes School of Veterinary and Life Sciences
Murdoch University
Alison Diesel, DVM, DACVD
Murdoch, Western Australia
Clinical Assistant Professor Dealing with Toxoplasmosis: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis,
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Treatment and Prevention
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Diane Frank, DVM, DACVB
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas Professor
Recognition of and Approach to Feline Cutaneous Reaction Department of Clinical Sciences
Patterns Université de Montréal
St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
Brian A. DiGangi, DVM, MS, DABVP (Canine & Feline
Intercat Aggression
Practice)
Lisa M. Freeman, DVM, PhD, DACVN
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Professor
University of Florida Department of Clinical Sciences
Gainesville, Florida Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts
Strategies for Infectious Disease Management in Shelter Cats University
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Ray Dillon, DVM, MS, MBA, DACVIM (IM)
Nutritional Management of Heart Disease
Jack Rash Professor of Medicine
Frédéric Gaschen, Dr. Med. Vet., Dr. Habil.
Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Professor and Chief
Auburn University Companion Animal Medicine Service
Auburn, Alabama Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine
Feline Heartworm Disease Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Disorders of Esophageal, Gastric, and Intestinal Motility in
Adam Eatroff, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM)
Cats
Department of Internal Medicine / Hemodialysis Unit
Lorrie Gaschen, DVM, PhD, Dr. Med. Vet., Dipl. DECVDI
BluePearl Veterinary Partners
New York, New York Associate Dean for Diversity and Faculty Affairs
Acute Kidney Injury Blanche Donaldson Professor
Professor of Diagnostic Imaging
Amy K. Farcas, DVM, MS, DACVN
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Owner, Clinical Nutritionist Louisiana State University
Veterinary Nutrition Care Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Belmont, California Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Tissue
Feeding the Senior and Geriatric Cat Sampling