Table Of ContentPalgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting
Series Editor: Margaret Rogers, The Centre for Translation Studies, University
of Surrey, UK
This series examines the crucial role which translation and interpreting in their
myriad forms play at all levels of communication in today’s world, from the local
to the global. Whilst this role is being increasingly recognised in some quarters
(for example, through European Union legislation), in others it remains contro-
versial for economic, political and social reasons. The rapidly changing landscape
of translation and interpreting practice is accompanied by equally challenging
developments in their academic study, often in an interdisciplinary framework
and increasingly reflecting commonalities between what were once considered
to be separate disciplines. The books in this series address specific issues in
both translation and interpreting with the aim not only of charting but also of
shaping the discipline with respect to contemporary practice and research.
Titles include:
Ann Corsellis
PUBLIC SERVICE INTERPRETING
C. K. Quah
TRANSLATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Jenny Williams
THEORIES OF TRANSLATION
Margaret Rogers
SPECIALISED TRANSLATION
Shedding the ‘N on- Literary’ Tag
Rocío Baños Piñero and Jorge Díaz Cintas (editors)
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT
Mapping an E ver- changing Landscape
Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–403–90393–8 Hardback
(outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a
standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us
at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the
ISBN quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Also by Jorge Díaz Cintas
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION
Language Transfer on Screen ( co- editor)
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION
Subtitling ( co- author)
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION – TAKING STOCK ( co- editor)
MEDIA FOR ALL
Subtitling for the Deaf, Audio Description, and Sign Language ( co- editor)
NEW INSIGHTS INTO AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION AND MEDIA ACCESSIBILITY
Media for All ( co- editor)
NEW TRENDS IN AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (editor)
THE DIDACTICS OF AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION (editor)
Audiovisual Translation
in a Global Context
Mapping an E ver- changing Landscape
Edited by
Rocío Baños Piñero
University College London, UK
and
Jorge Díaz Cintas
University College London, UK
Selection and editorial content © Rocío Baños Piñero and Jorge Díaz Cintas 2015
Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-55288-4
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be
made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6 –1 0 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2015 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-55404-1 ISBN 978-1-137-55289-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137552891
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Audiovisual translation in a global context : mapping an ever-changing landscape /
edited by Rocío Baños Piñero, University College London, UK; Jorge Díaz Cintas,
University College, London, UK.
pages cm
Summary: “Audiovisual Translation in a Global Context offers an up-to-date survey
of the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). One of the main aims of the book is to
document the changes taking place in this thriving discipline, by focusing not only on
current projects and research being carried out in AVT but also on the professional
practice in a wide range of contexts. The contributors to the collection cover a wide
array of topics from subtitling, dubbing, and voiceover, to media accessibility practices
like sign language, subtitling for the deaf and the hard-of-hearing, and audio description
for the blind and visually impaired. In an accessible and engaging manner, the chapters
discuss theoretical issues in close relation to real translation problems and empirical
data, providing useful and practical insights into the personalised input that translators
inevitably give to their work”— Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Translating and interpreting 2. Dubbing of motion pictures 3. Motion pictures -
Titling 4. Dubbing of television programs 5. Television programs - Titling 6. Video
recordings for the hearing impaired 7. Audio-visual equipment - Technological
innovations. I. Baños Piñero, Rocío, 1980– editor. II. Díaz Cintas, Jorge, editor.
TR886.7.A84 2015
777—dc23 2015019833
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.
Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgements x
Notes on Contributors xi
1 Audiovisual Translation in a Global Context 1
Rocío Baños Piñero and Jorge Díaz Cintas
Part I Addressing Quality
2 Institutional Audiovisual Translation: A (Shop)
Window on the World 13
Adrián Fuentes- Luque
3 Accuracy Rate in Live Subtitling: The NER Model 28
Pablo Romero- Fresco and Juan Martínez Pérez
4 Synchronized Subtitles in Live Television Programmes 51
Mercedes de Castro, Luis Puente Rodríguez and Belén Ruiz Mezcua
5 Cross- fertilization between Reception Studies in Audio
Description and Interpreting Quality Assessment:
The Role of the Describer’s Voice 72
Emilia Iglesias Fernández, Silvia Martínez Martínez and
Antonio Javier Chica Núñez
Part II Targeting the Audience
6 Audio Describing for an Audience with Learning
Disabilities in Brazil: A Pilot Study 99
Eliana P. C. Franco, Deise M. Medina Silveira and Bárbara
C. dos Santos Carneiro
7 Analysing Redubs: Motives, Agents and Audience Response 110
Serenella Zanotti
8 Subtitling in the Era of the Blu- ray 140
Nicolas Sanchez
9 The MultilingualWeb (MLW) Project: A Collaborative
Approach and a Challenge for Translation Studies 149
Cristina Valdés
v
vi Contents
Part III Mapping Professional Practices
10 P rofessional Realities of the Subtitling Industry:
The Subtitlers’ Perspective 163
Arista S zu- Yu Kuo
11 The Pros and Cons of Using Templates in Subtitling 192
Kristijan Nikolić
12 S igning and Subtitling on Polish Television:
A Case of (In)accessibility 203
Renata Mliczak
13 Voiceover as Spoken Discourse 225
Agata Hołobut
14 D ubbing Directors and Dubbing Actors: C o- authors
of Translation for Dubbing 253
Regina Mendes
15 Audio Description in Hong Kong 266
Dawning Leung
Index 282
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 EuroparlTV: subtitle activation and language selection 18
2.2 EC webcast portal: audio languages 19
2.3 EC webcast portal: lengthy, unconventional subtitles 20
2.4 EC webcast portal: three- line subtitles 21
2.5 EC webcast portal: normalization 22
2.6 EbS: mobile phone version 23
2.7 UN webcast 25
2.8 UN YouTube channel: YouTube’s auto- captioning feature 25
4.1 Subsystems involved in real- t ime subtitling on live television 53
4.2 Delay of several seconds between audio/video
and subtitles in the transcription process 55
4.3 Subtitle delay measurements taken from samples of TV
magazines from the RTVE channel La 1 58
4.4 Subtitle delays in the live TV programme Las mañanas de
La 1, RTVE, Spain 59
4.5 Variable transcription delays using direct ASR for 24 hours
of non- controlled audio on Spanish TV channel La 1 60
4.6 Variable transcription delays using direct ASR for
seven live TV programmes with controlled audio 60
4.7 Model to obtain synchronized subtitles from the
audio in real- time subtitling 64
4.8 Modules for subtitle generation in TV live programmes where
direct ASR is used to generate audio- to- text transcriptions 66
4.9 Keeping track of time references between audio and subtitles 67
4.10 Modules and data flow for TV channel buffering, subtitle
synchronization, multiplexing and IPTV transmission 68
10.1 Frequency of working into languages other than the
mother tongue 168
vii
viii List of Figures and Tables
10.2 Frequency of timely payments from clients 174
10.3 Negotiation power vs. subtitling experience rates 176
10.4 Work premises 177
10.5 Royalty payments 178
10.6 Preference for acknowledgement 180
10.7 Professional practice as regards the inclusion of the
subtitler’s name in the acknowledgement credits 180
10.8 Influence of tight deadlines on quality 182
10.9 Frequency of working with subtitling equipment 183
11.1 Example of a Swedish template provided for the
translation of a film from English into Croatian 195
11.2 Example of an English template provided for the
translation of an audiovisual programme into Croatian 197
12.1 Schedule of programmes on TVP1 211
12.2 TV Effatha 214
12.3 ONSI.tv 214
Tables
3.1 Examples of serious recognition errors 34
3.2 Examples of serious editing errors 35
3.3 Examples of standard recognition errors 37
3.4 Examples of standard editing errors 38
3.5 Examples of minor recognition errors 40
3.6 Examples of minor editing errors 40
4.1 Characterization of tests performed to evaluate
delay variability 61
5.1 Methodology, material and subjects in Experiment 1 83
5.2 Methodology, material and subjects in Experiment 2 84
5.3 Experiment 1, results: vocal sonority ratings and their
emotional correlates 86
5.4 Experiment 2, results: preferences and quality assessment
of full AD clip 87
7.1 Films included in the audiovisual corpus 113
List of Figures and Tables ix
10.1 Respondents SLs 166
10.2 Respondents TLs 167
10.3 Ranges of average subtitling rates – only translating from
a template 169
10.4 Ranges of average subtitling rates – only t ime- cueing 170
10.5 Ranges of average subtitling rates – t ime- cueing and
translation 170
10.6 Ranges of average revision and proofreading rates 173
10.7 Deadline range 181
10.8 Supporting material provision 185
10.9 Quality of the provided supporting material 185
10.10 Influence of the quality of supporting material
on the final translation 186
12.1 Levels of deafness 206
12.2 Programmes with SDH on Polish television 212
13.1 Characteristics of conversational register considered in
the analysis 228
13.2 Dysfluency in the original and translated dialogues 230
13.3 Use of connectors in the original and translated dialogues 231
13.4 Use of gambits in the original and translated dialogues 235
13.5 Use of vocative types in the original and
translated dialogues 237
13.6 Ritualized illocutions in the original and
translated dialogues 238
13.7 Expletives in the original and translated dialogues 248
15.1 EOC audio described short videos (EOC 2013) 274
