Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents

287 Pages·2013·2.07 MB·English

by  Joanna Ellen Bettmann (auth.)

Essential Clinical Social Work Series
SeriesEditor
CarolTosone
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8115
Joanna Ellen Bettmann • Donna Demetri Friedman
Editors
Attachment-Based Clinical
Work with Children
and Adolescents
2123
Editors
Dr.JoannaEllenBettmann DonnaDemetriFriedman
CollegeofSocialWork SilverSchoolofSocialWork
UniversityofUtah NewYorkUniversity
SaltLakeCity,Utah,USA NewYork,USA
ISBN978-1-4614-4847-1 ISBN978-1-4614-4848-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4848-8
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012952410
© SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013
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Contents
Attachment-BasedClinicalWorkwithChildrenandAdolescents ....... 1
JoannaEllenBettmannandDonnaDemetriFriedman
PartI AttachmentTheoryandResearchwithChildren
ObservingDevelopment:AComparativeViewofAttachment
TheoryandSeperation–IndividuationTheory ........................ 9
IngaBlomandAnniBergman
SecuringAttachment:Mother–InfantResearchInforms
Attachment-BasedClinicalPractice ................................. 45
DonnaDemetriFriedman,LeylaErtegun,TinaLupi,BeatriceBeebe
andSaraDeutsch
UsingModernAttachmentTheorytoGuideClinicalAssessments
ofEarlyAttachmentRelationships .................................. 61
AllanN.SchoreandRuthP.Newton
PartII Attachment-BasedClinicalWorkwithChildren
andAdolescents
Becoming BabyWatchers: AnAttachment-BasedVideo Intervention
inaCommunityMentalHealthCenter .............................. 99
DonnaDemetriFriedman, SaraDeutsch, LeylaErtegun, StephanieCarlson,
MayraEstrada,MarkSturgeon,HillaryMayersandElizabethBuckner
Trauma-FocusedChild–ParentPsychotherapyinaCommunity
PediatricClinic:ACross-DisciplinaryCollaboration .................. 115
ToddS.Renschler,AliciaF.Lieberman,MiriamHernandezDimmler
andNadineBurkeHarris
TheEssentialRoleoftheBodyintheParent–InfantRelationship:
NonverbalAnalysisofAttachment................................... 141
SuziTortora
v
vi Contents
Gems Hidden in Plain Sight: Peer Play Psychotherapy Nourishes
RelationshipsandGrowthAcrossDevelopmentalDomainsAmong
YoungChildren ................................................... 165
RebeccaShahmoon-Shanok,OzlemBekar,EmilyFried
andMiriamSteele
TheImpactofInterventionPointsofEntryonAttachment-Based
ProcessesofTheraupeuticChangewithPrepubertalChildren .......... 193
GeoffGoodman
AttachmentProcessesinWildernessTherapy......................... 219
JoannaEllenBettmannandIsaacKarikari
PartIII BuildingCapacityforAttachment-BasedClinicalWork
From Out of Sight, Out of Mind to In Sight and In Mind:
Enhancing Reflactive Capacities in a Group Attachment-Based
Intervention ...................................................... 237
AnneMurphy,MiriamSteeleandHowardSteele
Implementing Attachment Theory in the Child Welfare System:
ClinicalImplicationsandOrganizationalConsiderations .............. 259
SusanneBennettandWendyWhitingBlome
Index ............................................................ 285
Contributors
Beatrice Beebe College of Physicians & Surgeons at Columbia University, New
YorkStatePsychiatricInstitute,NewYork,NY,USA
Ozlem Bekar Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research,
NewYork,NY,USA
RelationshipsforGrowthandLearningProgram,JBFCS,NewYork,NY,USA
Susanne Bennett The National Catholic School of Social Service, The Catholic
UniversityofAmerica,Washington,DC,USA
Anni Bergman TheAnni Bergman Parent Infant Program, NewYork University
Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis, NewYork Freudian
Society,InstituteforPsychoanalyticTrainingandResearch,NewYork,NY,USA
Joanna Ellen Bettmann College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City,UT,USA
OpenSkyWildernessTherapy,Durango,Colorado,USA
IngaBlom TheNewYorkPsychoanalyticInstituteandLenoxHillHospital,New
York,NY,USA
WendyWhitingBlome NationalCatholicSchoolofSocialService,TheCatholic
UniversityofAmerica,Washington,DC,USA
ElizabethBuckner RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
StephanieCarlson RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
SaraDeutsch RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
Miriam Hernandez Dimmler Child Trauma Research Program, San Francisco
GeneralHospital,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
LeylaErtegun RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
MayraEstrada RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
EmilyFried EarlyChildhoodCenter,AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,Bronx,
NY,USA
vii
viii Contributors
DonnaDemetriFriedman RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
SilverSchoolofSocialWork,NewYorkUniversity,NY,USA
GeoffGoodman ClinicalPsychologyDoctoralProgram, LongIslandUniversity,
Brookville,NY,USA
Nadine Burke Harris Bayview Child Health Center, California Pacific Medical
Center,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
Isaac Karikari College of SocialWork, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,
USA
Alicia F. Lieberman Child Trauma Research Program, San Francisco General
Hospital,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
TinaLupi PrivatePractice,NewYork,NY,USA
HillaryMayers RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
Anne Murphy Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
Bronx,NY,USA
RuthP.Newton NewtonCenterforAffectRegulation,LaJolla,CAandSt.Vincent
dePaulVillage,SanDiego,CA,USA
Todd S. Renschler Child Trauma Research Program, San Francisco General
Hospital,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
Allan N. Schore Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA
DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine,LosAngeles,CA,USA
Rebecca Shahmoon-Shanok Institute for Infants, Children and Families, Jewish
BoardofFamilyandChildren’sServices,NewYork,NY,USA
HowardSteele DepartmentofPsychology,NewSchoolforSocialResearch,New
York,NY,USA
MiriamSteele DepartmentofDepartmentofPsychology, NewSchoolforSocial
Research,NewYork,NY,USA
MarkSturgeon RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NY,USA
SuziTortora DancingDialogue:HealingandExpressiveArts,NewYork,NY,USA
Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children
and Adolescents
JoannaEllenBettmannandDonnaDemetriFriedman
Attachmenttheorywasfoundedonthenotionthatchildhoodrelationalexperiences
create lasting impacts on our expectations for future relationships, emotion regu-
lation, and even general mental health. Bowlby believed that humans’ needs for
relationshipswereinstinctualandsurvival-driven(Bowlby1958).Consideringother
researchandotherspecies,Bowlbyconcludedthatweneedourmothers,ourprimary
caregiver,withoutwhomwewilldie.Heconceptualizedthatinfantcrying,suckling
andclingingcementedthechild’stietothemother(Bowlby1958).
Bowlby also made assertions about what happened to children who lacked
empathiccaregivers.In“Forty-FourJuvenileThieves:TheirCharactersandHome-
Life,” Bowlby (1944/1946, p. 20) argued that maternal attitudes toward their
children—both conscious and unconscious—impacted the child’s development:
“... in several cases sympathetic discussions with the mothers of the children re-
vealedthattheirapparentlovefortheirchildwasonlyoneaspectoftheirfeelingsfor
him.Oftenanintense,thoughperhapsunadmitted,dislikeandrejectionofhimalso
cametolight”.Hedrewlinksbetweenthosematernalfeelingsandchildren’sdelin-
quency.Healsopositedthatchildren’semotionaltrauma“meanfarmoretochildren
thanmostgrown-upsconceivepossible”(Bowlby1944/1946,p.20).Bowlby’sdec-
larationabouttheimpactofcaregiversandtraumaonchildrenwasnovelandadded
significantlytotheprevailingdialogueonthementalhealthofchildren.
Where children were once thought to be simply resilient blank slates, Bowlby
encouragedpractitionerstoseechildrenasorganizingthemselvesaroundtheircare-
giversinsuchawaythatnegativelyimpactstochildren’spersonalitieswaspossible
if stable, available, empathic caregivers were not there. Bowlby created a theory
J.E.Bettmann((cid:2))
CollegeofSocialWork,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,USA
OpenSky WildernessTherapy,Durango,Colorado,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
D.D.Friedman
RiverdaleMentalHealthAssociation,Bronx,NewYork,NY,USA
SilverSchoolofSocial Work,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA
J.E.Bettmann,D.D.Friedman(eds.),Attachment-BasedClinicalWorkwith 1
ChildrenandAdolescents,EssentialClinicalSocialWorkSeries,
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4848-8_1,©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013
2 J.E.BettmannandD.D.Friedman
whichallowedpractitionerstoseechildren’swoundsmoreclearly.Hiswork,along
with the video contributions of James and Joyce Robertson, made the impacts of
problematiccaregivingvisibleonourchildpopulations.
TheimplicationsofBowlby’sideascontinuetoresoundthroughthementalhealth
community.Theyearssincehaveyieldedground-breakingresearchdefiningattach-
menttypes(Ainsworthetal.1978),exploringthelongitudinalstabilityofsuchtypes
(Hamilton 2000; Grossman et al. 2005; Waters et al. 2000; Weinfield et al. 2004)
andtheimplicationsofsuchfindingsforclinicalsettings(Sable2000;Slade2008;
Wallin2007).WhileweknownowthatmuchofwhatBowlbypositedwastrue,we
are still discovering the value of such findings for our clinical work with children
andadolescents.Ourbookexploreshowattachmenttheoryisbeingusedinclinical
settings throughout the country. It presents chapters relevant to work with infants
andtoddlers,childrenandadolescents.Howcanwetranslatewhatweknowabout
attachmenttheoryandresearchintopractice?Ourchapterauthorshaveattemptedto
answerthisquestion.
IngaBloomandAnniBergmanofferthefirstchapterwhichcomparesandcon-
trasts Margaret Mahler’s theory of separation–individuation and John Bowlby’s
attachment theory. This chapter entitled, “Observing Development: A Compara-
tiveView ofAttachmentTheory and Separation–IndividuationTheory,” highlights
how these theories contradict or compete with each other. While they were devel-
opedindifferentcontexts,usedifferentmethodologicalapproaches,andemphasize
differentaspectsofpsychologicaldevelopment,thetwotheoriesshareanumberof
importantaspects.Thisisanimportantchapterbecausethereisrenewedinterestin
understandinghowthesetheoriescantogetherexplaintheprocessofchilddevelop-
ment. Both theories place emphasis on real events in the infant’s life. In addition,
boththeorieswerepioneeringintheirrelianceonobservation.Theirsharedprospec-
tiveratherthanretrospectiveapproachesarealsounique.Adeeperunderstandingof
howthesetheoriescomplementeachotherinformsouruseoftheminclinicalwork
withchildrenandadolescents.
In the next chapter entitled “Securing Attachment: Mother–Infant Theory and
ResearchInformsAttachment-basedClinicalWorkwithChildren,”DonnaDemetri
Friedman, LeylaErtegun,TinaLupi, BeatriceBeebe, andSaraDeutschshowhow
early theorists paved the way for a deeper understanding of the importance of the
parent–childrelationship(Bowlby1958, 1960;Winnicott1953, 1956, 1965). This
chaptertraceshowtheoryledtoresearchandhowthat,inturn,impactedclinicalwork
with children. The authors present a case example to illustrate how mother–infant
researchinformsaparent–childtreatmentapproach.Thecaseisanalyzedinrelation
tomother–infanttheoriesandresearch,andclinicalimplicationsarediscussed.
Inthenextchapterentitled“UsingModernAttachmentTheorytoGuideClinical
AssessmentsofEarlyAttachmentRelationships”byAllanSchoreandRuthNewton,
theauthorspresentareviewofrecentresearchonmother–infantrightbrain-to-right
brain interaction and development. The chapter offers a case example to illustrate
theseclinicallyimportantneurobiologicconcepts.Acriticalcomponentofthischap-
ter is its description of modern attachment theory’s combination of biology and
psychoanalysisandhowitsconceptscanbeusedinclinicalworkwithchildren.