Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Physics
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.K Jungmann .J ikslawoK
.I Reinhard .F regiifT ).sdE(
Atomic Physics Methods
in Modern Research
Selection of Papers
to Gisbert Dedicated uz Putlitz
on the Occasion of sih Birthday 65th
~ Springer
Editors
Klaus Peter Jungmann
Joachim Kowalski
Irene Reinhard
Physikalisches Institut, Universit~it Heidelberg
Philosophenweg 21
D-6912o Heidelberg, Germany
Frank Tr~ger
Fachbereich Physik, Universit~t Kassel
Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 4o
23143-D Kassel, Germany
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Atomic physics methods in modern research : selection of papers
dedicated to Gisbert zu Putlitz on his 65th birthday / K. E Jungmann
... (ed.). - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ;
Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Pads ; Santa Clara ; Singapore ;
Tokyo : Springer, 1997
(Lecture notes in physics ; 499)
ISBN 3-540-63716-8
ISSN oo75-845o
3-540-63716-8 ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
Many of the significant advances in the course of the development of atomic
physics were associated with newly invented scientific methods and exper-
imental tools. Today these techniques are successfully employed in a wide
spread variety of highly active areas in modern research, which extend from
investigations of fundamental interactions in physics to experiments related
to applied issues and technical aspects. With increasing importance they are
found in areas outside of classical atomic physics in fields such as nuclear and
particle physics, physics of condensed matter and surfaces, physical chemistry,
chemistry, medicine and environmental research. The spectrum of methods
includes among others optical and microwave spectroscopy, molecular beams,
spin resonance, spin echo, particle trapping and tunneling microscopy.
Laser spectroscopy is one example of a widely used technique: The fun-
damental process of light interacting with single atomic particles can be in-
vestigated especially profitably. Laser spectroscopy is essential in many high
precision experiments for determining most accurate values of fundamental
constants and for deriving conclusions on basic interactions which are com-
plementary to results obtained in high energy physics. Optical properties of
molecules, small clusters and bulk solid state material can be investigated
both for revealing elementary processes and for studying, for example, new
concepts of optical data storage. Processes in combustion devices can be char-
acterized. Remote sensing of environmental pollution can be carried out with
high sensitivity. Laser optical pumping of noble gases nowadays yields novel
opportunities for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medical diagnostics.
In February 1996 an international symposium on Atomic Physics Meth-
ods in Modern Research was held in Heidelberg on the occasion of the 65th
birthday of Professor Gisbert zu Putlitz. In his scientific work atomic physics
with its great diversity of facets has played an essential role with numerous
significant contributions being highly esteemed by the community. The na-
ture of the event inspired the authors of this volume, which is dedicated to
Gisbert zu Putlitz. It comprises invited lectures and articles selected to give
an overview of the manifold of developments in this area.
VI
The editors would like to thank all authors for their articles and W. Beigl-
bSck for publishing this volume. The assistance of T. Katzenmaier, C. Kr~imer,
E. Nowak and M. Zinser of the Physikalisches Institut der Universit~it Heidel-
berg in preparing this volume is gratefully acknowledged. Financial support
for bringing the authors together was provided by the Stiftung Universit~it
Heidelberg and the companies ABB, BASF, Fibro, Friatec, Lambda Physics,
Spectra Physics and B. Struck. We are grateful to all of them.
Heidelberg, August 1997
K. Jungmann
J. Kowalski
I. Reinhard
F. Tr/iger
Contents
Two-Photon Method for Metrology in Hydrogen
B. Cagnac ............................................................. 1
High Precision Atomic Spectroscopy of Muonium
and Simple Muonic Atoms
V. W. Hughes ......................................................... 12
Muonium Atom as a Probe of Physics
Beyond the Standard Model
L. Willmann and K. Jungmann ....................................... 34
Can Atoms Trapped in Solid He Be Used
to Search for Physics Beyond the Standard Model?
A. Weis, S. Kanorsky, S. Land and T.W. H~insch ..................... 75
g-Factors of Subatomic Particles
B.L. Roberts ......................................................... 77
Laser Spectroscopy of Metastable
Antiprotonic Helium Atomcules
T. Yamazaki ......................................................... 59
Polarized, Compressed SHe-Gas and Its Applications
E. Often ............................................................ 501
Medical NMR Sensing with Laser Polarized 3He and eX921
W. Happer .......................................................... 121
Test of Special Relativity in a Heavy Ion Storage Ring
G. Huber, R. Grieser, P. Merz, .V Sebastian, P. Seelig, M. Grieser,
P. Grimm, T. Kiihl, D. Schwalm and D. Habs ....................... 131
Resonance Fluorescence of a Single Ion
J.T. Hb'ffges, H.W. Baldauf, T. Eichler, S.R. Helm#led
and H. Walther ..................................................... 141
Resonance Raman Studies of the Relaxation of Photoexcited
Molecules in Solution on the Picosecond Timescale
W.T. Toner, P. Matousek, A.W. Parker and M. Towrie ............. 151
Four-Quantum RF-Resonance in the Ground State
of an Alkaline Atom
E.B. Alexandrov and A.S. Pazgalev .................................. t59
VIII
Hard Highly Directional X-Radiation Emitted
By a Charged Particle Moving in a Carbon Nanotube
V. V. Klimov and V.S. Letokhov ..................................... 761
Quasiclassical Approximation in the Theory
of Scattering of Polarized Atoms
E.L Dashevskaya and E.E. Nikitin ................................... 581
Ion Beam Inertial Fusion
R. Bock ............................................................. 112
Spin-Echo Experiments with Neutrons
and with Atomic Beams
G. Schraidt and D. Dubbers .......................................... 132
A New Generation of Light Sources for Applications
in Spectroscopy
M. Inguscio, F.S. Cataliotti, C.- Fort, F.S. Pavone
and M. Prevedelli ................................................... 542
Remote Sensing of the Environment
Using Laser Radar Techniques
M. Andersson, E. Edner, J. Johansson, S. Svanberg, E. WaUinder
and P. Weibring .................................................... 752
Applied Laser Spectrocopy in Combustion Devices
V. Sick and J. Wolfrum ............................................. 172
The Surface of Liquid Helium - an Unusual Substrate
for Unusual Coulomb Systems
P. Leiderer .......................................................... 382
Aspects of Laser-Assisted Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
of Thin Organic Layers
S. GrafstrSm, J. Kowalski and R. Neumann ......................... 592
Optical Spectroscopy of Metal Clusters
M. VoUmer .......................................................... 113
New Concepts for Information Storage
Based on Color Centres
A. Winnacker ....................................................... 533
Excitons and Radiation Damage in Alkali Halides
K. Schwartz ......................................................... 153
Polarization of Negative Muons Implanted
in the Fullerene C60: Speculations About a Null Result
A. Schenck, F.N. Gyax, A. Amato, M. Pinkpank, A. Lappas
and K. Prassides .................................................... 763
Positronium in Condensed Matter Studies
with Spin-Polarized Positrons
J. Major, A. Seeger, J. Ehmann and T. Gessmann ................... 183
IX
Light-Induced Liberation of Atoms and Molecules
from Solid Surfaces
F. Tr@er ........................................................... 423
On the Shoulders of Giants -
Early History of Hyperfine Structure Spectroscopy.
For Gisbert zu Putlitz
P. Br/x ............................................................. 439
Two-Photon Method for Metrology in
Hydrogen
Bernard Cagnac
Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole Normale Sup~rieure
et Universitfi Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
1 Introduction
The history of two-photon transitions (E2-E1 = 2hw) starts with the begin-
ning of quantum mechanics, during this fascinating period around nineteen
thirty when all the modern physics was born. The calculation of the two-
photon processes was one of the first applications of the time dependent per-
turbation theory. It was pub!ished in Annalen der Physik in 1931 as the thesis
of Maria GSppert-Mayer "Uber Elementarakte mit zwei Quantenspriingen"
]1[ at the University of GSttingen in Germany. At the end of the paper she
thanks professor Born and Weisskopf.
Owing to the relatively small probability of such processes, the experi-
mental realization requires a high intensity oft he electromagnetic wave. This
is the reason why the first experimental observations where done in the ra-
diofrequency range [2,3]. In the optical range, the ruby laser opened in 1961
the era of multiphoton excitation with the experiment of Kaiser and Garret
]4[ between braod bands in a crystal. The first precise experiment between
narrow atomic levels was done by Abella in Cs vapour using thermal tuning
of the ruby laser [5]. From 1968 on, the realization of the really tunable dye
laser permitted easier experiments ]6[ and was followed by an explosion of
the number of experiments in atomic physics.
2 Two-Photon Method
Figure 1 represents the energy diagram for the process of two-photon absorp-
tion, showing the energy defect hAwr = (Er - El) - h~ of the intermediate
relay level .rE The square of this energy defect (z~wr) 2 appears in the de-
nominator of the transition probability, calculated in the perturbation theory
to 2 nd order. (Strictly speaking, it is necessary to carry out the summation
over all other levels, but often only one Er has an important contribution).
One must compensate the big term (Awr) 2 (the energy defect) in the
denominator by a high intensity of the light beam. For that, you can enclose
the atoms between two mirrors forming a Fabry Perot cavity. Then the atoms
are exposed to two light beams travelling in opposite directions: forward and
