Table Of ContentSpringer Series in Chemical Physics 122
Svatopluk Civiš · Ekaterina Zanozina ·
Adam Pastorek · Petr Kubelík ·
Martin Ferus · Ashok Chilukoti
Atomic Emission
Spectra of Neutral
Noble Gases
in the Infrared
Spectral Range
Springer Series in Chemical Physics
Volume 122
Series Editors
Jan Peter Toennies, Max Planck Institut für Dynamic und Selbstorganisation,
Göttingen, Germany
KaoruYamanouchi,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
WolfgangZinth,InstitutefürMedizinischeOptik,UniversitätMünchen,München,
Germany
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š
Svatopluk Civi Ekaterina Zanozina
(cid:129) (cid:129)
í
Adam Pastorek Petr Kubel k
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Martin Ferus Ashok Chilukoti
(cid:129)
Atomic Emission Spectra
of Neutral Noble Gases
in the Infrared Spectral Range
123
SvatoplukCiviš Ekaterina Zanozina
J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical
Chemistry Chemistry
Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Academy of Sciencesof the Czech
Republic Republic
Prague,Czech Republic Prague,Czech Republic
AdamPastorek Petr Kubelík
J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical
Chemistry Chemistry
Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Academy of Sciencesof the Czech
Republic Republic
Prague,Czech Republic Prague,Czech Republic
Martin Ferus Ashok Chilukoti
J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical
Chemistry Chemistry
Academy of Sciencesof the Czech Academy of Sciencesof the Czech
Republic Republic
Prague,Czech Republic Prague,Czech Republic
ISSN 0172-6218 ISSN 2364-9003 (electronic)
SpringerSeries inChemical Physics
ISBN978-3-030-47351-8 ISBN978-3-030-47352-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47352-5
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We cannot discover new oceans
until we have the courage
to lose sight of the shore
—Muriel Chen
Preface
Between 2000 and 2005, I visited Japan on several occasions. I worked together
with Prof. Kawaguchi on a wide range of projects, one of which was a project
focused on the coupling of a high-resolution continuous Fourier Transform inter-
ferometerBrukerIFS120withpulselaserorpulsedischargesources.InJapan,we
used a solid-state Nd:YAG laser on its second harmonic frequency (512 nm) and
later,backinPrague,anexcimerArFlaser(193nm).Wetestedthedataacquisition
using an SX processor, later using a simpler programmable FPGA system that, in
combination with the interferometer, governed the data collection in the proper
positions of the moving mirror and their subsequent storage. Hence, we were
successful in the construction of a device that added a third dimension—time—to
the classic highly resolved spectra.
The solution to the acquisition problem was based on the idea of fast data
collection,withlargeamountsoftime-shifteddatabeingcollectedfromthedetector
instead of one single signal. Using this procedure,a set of time-shifted spectra can
beobtained,withalaserordischargepulseplacedinthecentre.Thissystemcreates
a unique package of spectra containing information about what happens to the
sample and its surface before, during and after the laser or discharge pulse. This
system allows us to monitor events that were previously unobservable because
of their short lifetime during the fast process of deexcitation after the pulse
initiation.
Together with Prof. Kawaguchi, we have constructed two unique systems for
two equal interferometers, one at the Okayama University, Japan, and the other in
Prague at the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry.
This book summarizes a series of studies related to noble gases. Some of them
have already been published and some are newly introduced. This compilation of
measured spectral lines includes some ranges where the spectral information is, so
far, completelyabsent.Thesearemainlyspectrabetween 5–12lmwherewe have
successfullymeasuredtransitionsbetweenhighlyexcitedRydbergstatesofneutral
vii
viii Preface
noble-gasatoms.Westronglybelievethatourspectrawillfinduseinawiderange
of scientific areas including calibration standards for experimental physics, theo-
retical physics or infrared astronomy.
Prague, Czech Republic Svatopluk Civiš
January 2020
AcknowledgementsIamdeeplygratefultoProf.KentaroKawaguchiwhohelpedmetoimple-
mentthetime-resolvedFTSmethodinourlaboratoryinPrague.Withouthisexpertiseandselfless
help,thisatlaswouldprobablynevercomeintoexistence.
I want to thank also Prof. Vladislav Chernov, a great theorist, with whom I have been col-
laboratingforalongtimeandwhodevelopedthemethods(basedontheQuantumDefectTheory)
fortheinterpretationofourspectra.Hiscodesareusedinourgroupuptothisday.
IamalsogratefultoAntonínKnížekandAlanHeaysforreadingthemanuscriptandproviding
valuablecomments.
This work was supported by the ERDF/ESF “Centre of Advanced Applied Sciences” (grant
No.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000778)andpartlyalsobytheCzechScienceFoundationwithin
theprojectreg.no.18-27653S.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Experimental Setup and Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4 Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.5 Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 147
ix
Chapter 1
Introduction
Spectraofthenoblegasesareamongthemostwidelystudied,becausetheyrelateto
awidevarietyofapplications.Noblegasescommonlyappearasinertgasesinmany
laboratoryspectralcalibrationsources,indifferenttypesofdischarges,astrophysi-
calspectra,emissionsourcesusedforphotochemistryandinplasmasemployedin
industrial processing. As a proof of their widespread application, the noble gases
areamongthemostfrequentlyaccessedspectraintheAtomicSpectraDatabase[1]
maintained by the Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center at the National Institute of
StandardsandTechnology(NIST).
Ourresearchiscurrentlyfocusedonthestudyofhighly-excited(Rydberg)statesof
neutralnoblegasesintheinfraredspectraldomain.Thisinvolvespreciseexperimen-
tallaboratorymeasurementstogetherwithcomprehensivereviewsofallpublished
datatoselectthemostreliablevaluesfortheenergylevelsthatareconsonantwith
thebestspectraldata.
In2002,theAtomicSpectroscopyDataCenteratNISTrecordedhigh-resolution
spectra of Ne, Kr, and Xe between 0.7 and 5.0µm with the 2m NIST Fourier-
transformspectrometer[2].Thesemeasurementsprovidenewprecisewavelengths
and relative intensities and resolve questions concerning multiple classification of
severallines.
However, inlightof the great importance of noble-gas spectra and thefact that
ourspectrometer(BrukerIFS120FTS)isahigh-resolutioninstrumentideallysuited
toobserve thetime-resolvedemissionspectraofatomictransitions,wedecided to
makenewadditionalmeasurementsofthespectraofallnoblegases(excludingRn)
intheinfraredspectralrangefrom1to14µm.
Comprehensive line lists containing precise wavelengths, reliable energy level
classifications,andrelativelineintensitiesofthesegasesintheirnaturalisotopicmix-
tureshavebeenthemaingoalofourexperimentalandtheoreticalwork.InthisAtlas,
wefocusparticularlyontransitionsbetweenexcitedRydbergstatescorresponding
totransitionsbetweenprincipalquantumnumbersn =6−10.Suchspectrabelong
totheinfrared(IR)spectralregion(700–1800cm−1),especiallytotransitionschar-
acterizedbyhighorbitalquantumnumbersl,i.e., f-,g-,h-andi-states.
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licensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
S.Civišetal.,AtomicEmissionSpectraofNeutralNobleGases
intheInfraredSpectralRange,SpringerSeriesinChemicalPhysics122,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47352-5_1
