Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change

1149 Pages·2016·74.623 MB·English

by  John H. Seinfeld, Spyros N Pandis

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
AND PHYSICS

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
AND PHYSICS
From Air Pollution to
Climate Change
Third Edition
John H. Seinfeld
Spyros N. Pandis
Copyright2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Seinfeld,JohnH.|Pandis,SpyrosN.,1963­
Title:Atmosphericchemistryandphysics:fromairpollutiontoclimate
change/JohnH.Seinfeld,SpyrosN.Pandis.
Description:Thirdedition.|Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,
[2016]|“AWiley-Intersciencepublication.”|Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2015043236(print)|LCCN2015045406(ebook)|ISBN
9781118947401(cloth)|ISBN9781119221166(pdf)|ISBN9781119221173
(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Atmosphericchemistry.|Air–Pollution–Environmental
aspects.|Environmentalchemistry.
Classification:LCCQC879.6.S452016(print)|LCCQC879.6(ebook)|DDC
551.51/1–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2015043236
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To
Benjamin and Elizabeth
and
Angeliki and Nikos

Contents
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xxiii
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xxv
PART I | The Atmosphere and Its Constituents
Chapter1 | TheAtmosphere 3
1.1 HistoryandEvolutionofEarth’sAtmosphere 3
1.2 Climate 5
1.3 LayersoftheAtmosphere 5
1.4 PressureintheAtmosphere 7
1.4.1 UnitsofPressure 7
1.4.2 VariationofPressurewithHeightintheAtmosphere 7
1.5 TemperatureintheAtmosphere 10
1.6 ExpressingtheAmountofaSubstanceintheAtmosphere 10
1.7 AirborneParticles 14
1.8 SpatialandTemporalScalesofAtmosphericProcesses 14
Problems 16
References 17
Chapter2 | AtmosphericTraceConstituents 18
2.1 AtmosphericLifetime 19
2.2 Sulfur-ContainingCompounds 23
2.2.1 DimethylSulfide(CH SCH ) 26
3 3
2.2.2 CarbonylSulfide(OCS) 26
2.2.3 SulfurDioxide(SO ) 27
2
2.3 Nitrogen-ContainingCompounds 27
2.3.1 NitrousOxide(N O) 28
2
2.3.2 NitrogenOxides(NOx=NO+NO2) 29
2.3.3 ReactiveOddNitrogen(NOy) 30
2.3.4 Ammonia(NH ) 31
3
2.3.5 Amines 32
2.4 Carbon-ContainingCompounds 32
2.4.1 ClassificationofHydrocarbons 32
2.4.2 Methane 34
2.4.3 VolatileOrganicCompounds 36
2.4.4 BiogenicHydrocarbons 36
2.4.5 CarbonMonoxide 39
2.4.6 CarbonDioxide 40
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.5 Halogen-ContainingCompounds 40
2.5.1 MethylChloride(CH Cl) 42
3
2.5.2 MethylBromide(CH Br) 42
3
2.6 AtmosphericOzone 44
2.7 ParticulateMatter(Aerosols) 47
2.7.1 StratosphericAerosol 48
2.7.2 ChemicalComponentsofTroposphericAerosol 48
2.7.3 CloudCondensationNuclei(CCN) 49
2.7.4 SizesofAtmosphericParticles 49
2.7.5 CarbonaceousParticles 51
2.7.6 MineralDust 53
2.7.7 BiomassBurning 53
2.7.8 SummaryofAtmosphericParticulateMatter 54
2.8 Mercury 55
2.9 EmissionInventories 55
Appendix2.1USAirPollutionLegislation 56
Appendix2.2HazardousAirPollutants(AirToxics) 57
Problems 59
References 61
PART II | Atmospheric Chemistry
Chapter3 | ChemicalKinetics 69
3.1 OrderofReaction 69
3.2 TheoriesofChemicalKinetics 71
3.2.1 CollisionTheory 71
3.2.2 TransitionStateTheory 74
3.2.3 PotentialEnergySurfaceforaBimolecular
Reaction 75
3.3 ThePseudo-Steady-StateApproximation 76
3.4 ReactionsofExcitedSpecies 77
3.5 TermolecularReactions 78
3.6 ChemicalFamilies 81
3.7 Gas–SurfaceReactions 83
Problems 84
References 87
Chapter4 | AtmosphericRadiationandPhotochemistry 88
4.1 Radiation 88
4.2 RadiativeFluxintheAtmosphere 91
4.3 Beer−LambertLawandOpticalDepth 93
4.4 ActinicFlux 95
4.5 AtmosphericPhotochemistry 97
4.6 AbsorptionofRadiationbyAtmosphericGases 100
4.7 AbsorptionbyO andO 105
2 3
4.8 PhotolysisRateasaFunctionofAltitude 109
4.9 PhotodissociationofO toProduceOandO(1D) 112
3
4.10 PhotodissociationofNO 114
2
Problems 117
References 117