Atmospheric Aerosols: Life Cycles and Effects on Air Quality and Climate

700 Pages·2017·20.529 MB·English

by  Claudio Tomasi, Sandro Fuzzi, Alexander Kokhanovsky (eds.)

Editedby
ClaudioTomasi,SandroFuzzi,and
AlexanderKokhanovsky
AtmosphericAerosols
WileySeriesinAtmosphericPhysicsandRemoteSensing
SeriesEditor:AlexanderKokhanovsky
Wendisch,M./Brenguier,J.-L.(eds.) Huang,X./Yang,P.
AirborneMeasurementsfor RadiativeTransferProcessesin
EnvironmentalResearch WeatherandClimateModels
MethodsandInstruments
2013
North,G.R./Kim,K.-Y.
CoakleyJr.,J.A./Yang,P EnergyBalanceClimate
Models
AtmosphericRadiation
APrimerwithIllustrativeSolutions
Davis,A.B./Marshak,A.
2014
Multi-dimensionalRadiative
Stamnes,K./Stamnes,J.J.
Transfer
RadiativeTransferinCoupled
EnvironmentalSystems Theory,Observation,andComputation
AnIntroductiontoForwardandInverse
Modeling
Minnis,P.etal.
2015
SatelliteRemoteSensingof
Tomasi,C./Fuzzi,S./Kokhanovsky,A. Clouds
(eds.)
AtmosphericAerosols
LifeCyclesandEffectsonAirQualityand Zhang,Z.etal.
Climate
PolarimetricRemoteSensing
2016
AerosolsandClouds
Forthcoming:
Weng,F.
Kokhanovsky,A./Natraj,V.
SatelliteMicrowaveRemote
AnalyticalMethodsin
Sensing
AtmosphericRadiative
Transfer
FundamentalsandApplications
EditedbyClaudioTomasi,SandroFuzzi,and
AlexanderKokhanovsky
Atmospheric Aerosols
LifeCyclesandEffectsonAirQualityandClimate
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Cover
NASA
V
Contents
ListofContributors XV
Preface XIX
Foreword XXI
Acknowledgments XXIII
1 PrimaryandSecondarySourcesofAtmosphericAerosol 1
ClaudioTomasiandAngeloLupi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 AGeneralClassificationofAerosolSources 6
1.3 PrimaryAerosolsofNaturalOrigin 7
1.3.1 Sea-SaltParticles 8
1.3.2 MineralDust 13
1.3.3 BiogenicAerosols 20
1.3.4 ForestFireSmoke 23
1.3.5 VolcanicDustintheTroposphere 27
1.3.6 CosmicDust 30
1.4 SecondaryAerosolsofNaturalOrigin 31
1.4.1 NaturalSulfateParticlesfromTroposphericSO andSulfur
2
Compounds 32
1.4.2 NaturalNitrateParticlesfromTroposphericNitrogenOxides 37
1.4.3 OrganicAerosolsfromBiogenicVolatileOrganicCompounds 41
1.4.4 SulfateParticlesfromMarineandVolcanicSO Formedinthe
2
Stratosphere 42
1.5 PrimaryAnthropogenicAerosols 48
1.5.1 IndustrialDust 50
1.5.2 AnthropogenicAerosolsfromFossilFuelCombustionand
Carbonaceous(Soot)Particles 51
1.5.3 AnthropogenicAerosolsfromWasteandBiomassBurning 58
1.6 SecondaryAnthropogenicAerosols 59
1.6.1 SecondaryParticlesfromSO 60
2
1.6.2 SecondaryParticlesfromNO 64
x
1.6.3 SecondaryOrganicAerosols 68
VI Contents
1.7 ConcludingRemarksontheGlobalAnnualEmissionFluxesof
NaturalandAnthropogenicAerosolMass 70
Abbreviations 75
ListofSymbols 75
References 76
2 AerosolNucleationintheTerrestrialAtmosphere 87
KarineSellegriandJulienBoulon
2.1 Introduction 87
2.2 TheoreticalBasisofNucleationandGrowthofNewParticlesinthe
Atmosphere 88
2.2.1 IntroductiontoNucleationTheoriesUsefulinAtmospheric
Sciences 88
2.2.1.1 TheUnarySystemModel 89
2.2.1.2 TheH SO −H OBinarySystem 91
2 4 2
2.2.1.3 TheH SO −NH −H OTernarySystem 93
2 4 3 2
2.2.1.4 TheRoleofAmines 93
2.2.1.5 TheIon-InducedNucleation 94
2.2.2 TheGrowthofNewParticles 95
2.2.2.1 TheCondensationProcess 95
2.3 ObservationandDetectionTools 97
2.3.1 DetectionTools 98
2.3.1.1 PhysicalCharacterization 98
2.3.1.2 ChemicalCharacterization 99
2.3.2 MetricsforCharacterizingNewParticleFormationEvents 100
2.3.3 OccurrenceofNewParticleFormationEventsinthe
Troposphere 102
2.3.3.1 PristineandPollutedContinentalBoundaryLayer 102
2.3.3.2 CoastalandMarineBoundaryLayerSites 103
2.3.3.3 High-AltitudeEnvironmentsandFreeTroposphere 103
2.4 PrecursorCandidatesforNucleationandEarlyGrowthfrom
Observations 104
2.4.1 ContinentalPlanetaryBoundaryLayer 104
2.4.2 MarinePlanetaryBoundaryLayer 104
2.5 ParameterizationsandChamberExperiments 105
2.6 ImportanceofNucleationfortheProductionofAerosolsandCCNat
theGlobalScale 107
2.7 Conclusions 108
Abbreviations 109
ListofSymbols 110
References 110
3 Coagulation,Condensation,DryandWetDeposition,andCloud
DropletFormationintheAtmosphericAerosolLifeCycle 115
ClaudioTomasiandAngeloLupi
3.1 Introduction 115
Contents VII
3.2 PhysicalGrowthProcesses 120
3.2.1 BrownianCoagulation 121
3.2.2 GrowthbyCondensationofGasesontoPreexistingParticles 128
3.2.3 TheKelvinEffect 130
3.2.4 HygroscopicGrowthofParticlesbyWaterVapor
Condensation 133
3.3 AerosolRemovalProcesses 139
3.3.1 DryDepositionofAerosolParticles 141
3.3.2 WetDepositionofAerosolParticles 144
3.3.2.1 In-CloudScavenging(Rainout) 145
3.3.2.2 InterstitialAerosolScavengingbyCloudDroplets 147
3.3.2.3 PrecipitationScavenging 149
3.3.2.4 WetDepositioninFogs 157
3.3.2.5 NucleationofIceParticles 157
3.4 FormationofCloudParticles 161
3.4.1 WaterVaporCondensation 162
3.4.2 TheKöhlerTheory 163
3.4.3 TheCloudCondensationNuclei 169
3.5 ConcludingRemarks 170
Abbreviations 175
ListofSymbols 175
References 180
4 ChemicalCompositionofAerosolsofDifferentOrigin 183
StefaniaGilardoniandSandroFuzzi
4.1 Introduction 183
4.2 GlobalDistributionandClimatologyoftheMainAerosolChemical
Constituents 184
4.2.1 DefinitionofPrimaryandSecondaryInorganicandOrganicAerosol
Compounds 184
4.2.2 AerosolGlobalBudgets 186
4.2.2.1 OrganicAerosol 186
4.2.2.2 BlackCarbonAerosol 187
4.2.2.3 SulfurAerosol 188
4.2.2.4 NitrogenAerosolSpecies 189
4.2.2.5 DustAerosol 191
4.2.3 MainRegionalDifferencesandSeasonalVariationsofAerosol
ChemicalComposition 192
4.2.3.1 UrbanAerosol 192
4.2.3.2 RuralAerosol 193
4.2.3.3 ContinentalRegionalBackgroundAerosol 194
4.2.3.4 MarineBackgroundAerosol 195
4.3 SizeDistributionsofAerosolChemicalCompounds 196
4.3.1 AerosolSize-ResolvedChemicalCompositioninPolluted
Areas 196
VIII Contents
4.3.1.1 SecondaryInorganicAerosol(AmmoniumSulfateandNitrate) 197
4.3.1.2 OrganicAerosol 197
4.3.1.3 BlackCarbon 198
4.3.1.4 Dust 200
4.3.2 AerosolSize-ResolvedChemicalCompositioninUnperturbed
Environments 200
4.3.2.1 RainForest 200
4.3.2.2 HighAltitudeMountainRegions 200
4.3.2.3 PolarRegions 202
4.3.3 Long-TermChangesofAerosolChemicalComponents 203
4.4 IssuesRelatedtoAerosolChemicalComposition 205
4.4.1 CharacterizationoftheAerosolCarbonaceousFraction 205
4.4.1.1 Soot:BCorEC 205
4.4.1.2 OrganicAerosol 207
4.4.2 SourcesofBCandOA 209
4.4.2.1 BlackCarbon 209
4.4.2.2 OrganicAerosol 211
4.4.3 EffectofOrganicandInorganicChemicalCompositiononAerosol
ActivityasCloudCondensationNucleiandIceNuclei 213
4.4.3.1 CloudCondensationNuclei 213
4.4.3.2 IceNuclei 214
Abbreviations 216
ListofSymbols 217
References 218
5 AerosolOptics 223
AlexanderA.Kokhanovsky
5.1 Introduction 223
5.2 Absorption 224
5.3 Scattering 229
5.4 Polarization 234
5.5 Extinction 237
5.6 RadiativeTransfer 239
5.7 ImageTransfer 242
Abbreviations 244
ListofSymbols 244
References 245
6 AerosolModels 247
ClaudioTomasi,MauroMazzola,ChristianLanconelli,andAngeloLupi
6.1 Introduction 247
6.2 ModelingoftheOpticalandMicrophysicalCharacteristicsof
AtmosphericAerosol 249
6.2.1 The6SCodeAerosolExtinctionModels 254
Contents IX
6.2.1.1 TheFour6SBasicAerosolComponents 254
6.2.1.2 TheThree6SAerosolModels 258
6.2.2 The6SAdditionalAerosolModels 262
6.2.3 The6SModified(M-Type)AerosolModels 271
6.2.4 TheOPACAerosolModels 277
6.2.5 TheAerosolModelsofShettleandFenn(1979) 288
6.2.6 TheSevenAdditionalAerosolModelsofTomasietal.(2013) 295
6.2.7 ThePolarAerosolModels 304
6.3 GeneralRemarksontheAerosolParticleNumber,Surface,and
VolumeSize-DistributionFunctions 306
6.3.1 TheAerosolParticleNumberSize-DistributionFunction 310
6.3.2 TheAerosolSurface,Volume,andMassSizeDistributions 314
6.4 Size-DistributionCharacteristicsofVariousAerosolTypes 317
6.4.1 RemoteContinentalAerosols 317
6.4.2 FreeTroposphericAerosols 319
6.4.3 Rural-ContinentalAerosols 319
6.4.4 Continental-PollutedAerosols 322
6.4.5 MaritimeCleanAerosols 322
6.4.6 Maritime-PollutedAerosols 324
6.4.7 DesertDust 324
6.4.8 BiomassBurningAerosols 326
6.4.9 UrbanAerosols 326
6.4.10 PolarArcticAerosols 328
6.4.11 PolarAntarcticAerosols 329
6.4.12 StratosphericVolcanicAerosols 331
6.5 ConcludingRemarks 332
Abbreviations 333
ListofSymbols 334
References 337
7 RemoteSensingofAtmosphericAerosol 341
AlexanderA.Kokhanovsky,ClaudioTomasi,BoyanH.Petkov,
ChristianLanconelli,MaurizioBusetto,MauroMazzola,AngeloLupi,and
KwonH.Lee
7.1 Introduction 341
7.2 Ground-BasedAerosolRemoteSensingMeasurements 342
7.2.1 TheMultispectralSun-PhotometryMethod 345
7.2.1.1 CalibrationofaSunPhotometerUsingtheLangleyPlot
Method 346
7.2.1.2 DeterminationofAerosolOpticalThickness 348
7.2.1.3 DeterminationofAerosolOpticalParametersfromSun-Photometer
Measurements 360
7.2.1.4 RelationshipbetweentheFineParticleFractionandA˚ngström
WavelengthExponent 370
X Contents
7.2.2 MeasurementsofVolumeExtinction,Scattering,andAbsorption
CoefficientsatGroundLevelUsingNephelometerandPSAP
Techniques 373
7.2.3 VerticalProfilesofBackscatterandExtinctionCoefficientsfrom
LIDARMeasurements 375
7.2.4 MeasurementsoftheAerosolSizeDistributionUsinganOptical
ParticleCounter 378
7.3 AirborneRemoteSensingMeasurementsofAerosolOptical
Properties 380
7.3.1 MainResultsDerivedfromtheSecondAirborneArctic
StratosphericExpedition(AASE-II)Measurements 385
7.3.2 AirborneRemoteSensingMeasurementsduringtheArmyLIDAR
VerificationExperiment(ALIVE) 386
7.3.3 AirborneMeasurementsPerformedduringtheSulfateCloudsand
Radiation–Atlantic(SCAR-A)Experiment 386
7.3.4 AirborneMeasurementsConductedduringtheTropospheric
AerosolRadiativeForcingObservationalExperiment
(TARFOX) 387
7.3.5 TheAerosolCharacterizationExperiment2(ACE-2)Airborne
RemoteSensingMeasurements 388
7.3.6 AirborneRemoteSensingMeasurementsduringthePuertoRico
DustExperiment(PRIDE) 391
7.3.7 TheARCTAS/ARCPACAirborneRemoteSensingMeasurementsin
theWesternArctic 392
7.3.8 TheAirborneMeasurementsConductedduringthePan-Arctic
MeasurementsandArcticRegionalClimateModelIntercomparison
Project(PAM-ARCMIP) 399
7.4 Satellite-BorneAerosolRemoteSensingMeasurements 403
7.4.1 SatelliteInstrumentation 403
7.4.2 Methods 411
7.4.2.1 TheAlgorithmsBasedontheSingle-ViewSpectral
Observations 411
7.4.2.2 Double-ViewSpectralObservations 412
7.4.2.3 MultiviewSpectralObservations 413
7.4.2.4 MultiviewSpectralandPolarimetricObservations 413
7.4.2.5 RetrievalsoverOceanUsingMultianglePolarimetric
Observations 414
7.4.2.6 RetrievalsoverLand 414
7.4.2.7 AerosolRetrievalUsinganArtificialNeuralNetwork
Technique 414
7.4.3 ExamplesofAerosolRetrievals 415
7.4.3.1 GlobalViewofAerosolDistributionfromPassiveSensor 415
7.4.3.2 AerosolRetrievalfromDifferentSensorsandRetrieval
Algorithms 416
7.4.3.3 Time-ResolvedObservationfromGeostationaryPlatform 419