Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology

710 Pages·2017·50.373 MB·English

by  Pasquale Martino, Andrea B. Galosi (eds.)

Atlas of
Ultrasonography in
Urology, Andrology,
and Nephrology
Pasquale Martino
Andrea B. Galosi
Editors
123
Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology,
Andrology, and Nephrology
Pasquale Martino • Andrea B. Galosi
Editors
Atlas of
Ultrasonography in
Urology, Andrology,
and Nephrology
Editors
Pasquale Martino Andrea B. Galosi
Department of Emergency and Division of Urology
Organ Transplantation Urology Polytechnic University of Marche
Andrology and Kidney Ancona
Transplantation Unit Italy
University of Bari
Bari
Italy
This title has been previously published in Italian by Scripta Manent Edizioni 2016.
ISBN 978-3-319-40780-7 ISBN 978-3-319-40782-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40782-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017934335
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To my wife Teresa
and to my son Lucio
P.M.,
To my wife Barbara
and to my sons Matilde
and Alessandro Ernesto
A.B.G.
v
Foreword
The role of ultrasound in urology is expanding at a rapid pace. Whereas in
Europe it is almost an extension of a physical exam, in the USA the urologists
are rapidly learning to incorporate this in the practice. The American
Urological Association through its office of education has made available the
course to enable the urologist to learn this important tool.
Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology
(Martino-Galosi Editors) is a welcome addition, as this provides a compen-
dium of comprehensive use of ultrasound in all aspects of urological care. It
not only covers the basics but provides advanced techniques for application
in both males and females. It fulfills the need for universally recognized,
standardized parameters for the correct performance of ultrasound investiga-
tions, as well as a scheme for reporting clinical findings that may be relevant
in clinical practice.
The table of contents is exhaustive and conveniently organized in organ-
specific format starting with renal, to the urethra. Almost one thousand ultra-
sound images; hundreds of graphs, tables, and figures; photographs of
anatomical, histological, and contrast-enhanced details; and many videos are
very helpful to the reader – from a novice to an experienced practitioner.
The applications of ultrasound in emergency, functional ultrasound, and
3D ultrasound are particularly interesting topics in this emerging field.
Authors include not only urologists, andrologists, and nephrologists but also
general surgeons and specialist radiologists, all offering practical tips in diag-
nostic imaging techniques.
I am pleased to recommend this publication to you.
Gopal H. Badlani
Wake Forest University
Winston Salem, NC, USA
vii
Preface
Ultrasound scanning is a widespread and essential diagnostic tool in all spe-
cialist branches of medicine. This is particularly true in the study of diseases
of the urinary and genital apparatuses, and the method has largely replaced
the classic investigations involving the use of contrast medium.
The technique is an essential part of the cultural armamentarium of urolo-
gists, andrologists, and nephrologists, and for this reason, nowadays the need
for universally recognized, standardized parameters for the correct perfor-
mance of US investigations, as well as a scheme for reporting clinical find-
ings that may be relevant in clinical practice, is widely perceived.
This volume is addressed both to those taking their first steps in the field
of US scanning and to expert scholars and ultrasound specialists, who wish to
make in-depth studies of particular aspects of the urinary and genital
apparatuses.
This Atlas includes almost one thousand ultrasound images; hundreds of
graphs, tables, figures; photographs of anatomical, histological, and contrast-
enhanced details; and many videos that accompany the reader during the con-
sultation of the work and help to make it easy to follow.
This text provides a close examination of benign and malignant diseases,
malformations, and trauma of the urogenital system. Particular attention has
been paid to the ultrasound scanning methods for investigating these, as well
as to mini-invasive US-guided surgical techniques.
The most accredited guidelines and practical recommendations for per-
forming ultrasound scanning in the urological, andrological, and nephrologi-
cal fields have been taken into account and are frequently referred to. They
are quoted in detail at the end of this Atlas.
Continuous research is still ongoing in the ultrasound field (elastosonog-
raphy, 3D US, the use of contrast medium, histoscanning, etc.), associated
with the design and construction of ever more sophisticated dedicated devices
and probes (intraoperative, laparoscopic, endocavitary probes, etc.). Thanks
to this close interest, the use of ultrasound scanning is being applied in an
increasingly vast field: not only diagnostic but also interventional and intra-
operative ultrasound scanning.
Contributors to this work include not only urologists, andrologists, and
nephrologists but also specialist radiologists and general surgeons, all experts
in diagnostic imaging techniques. We would like to thank them all, for with-
out their expertise this work could never have been completed.
ix
x Preface
We are very grateful to Dr. Gopal H. Badlani, MD, Professor and Vice
Chairman of the Department of Urology at Wake Forest University, North
Carolina, for having kindly agreed to present this work. He was former
Secretary of the AUA and is currently Scientific Program Director and
Member BOD of SIU and Secretary-elect of the American Association of
Genitourinary Surgeons.
We also gratefully acknowledge the support of Ms. Saanthi
Shankhararaman, Project Coordinator for Springer, in preparing this volume
and Mary V.C. Pragnell, B.A., for language assistance.
We hope that the commitment and efforts devoted to writing this work will
be rewarded by an appreciative reception of the work by all those who deal in
the various different ways with diagnostic and interventional ultrasound scan-
ning of the urinary and genital apparatuses.
Bari, Italy Pasquale Martino

Ancona, Italy Andrea Benedetto Galosi
Contents
Part I The Kidney
1 Kidney: Ultrasound Anatomy and Scanning Methods . . . . . . . . . 3
Giulio Argalia, Serena Campa, Fatjon Cela, Nicola Carboni,
Fabio Salvatori, and Gian Marco Giuseppetti
2 Acute and Chronic Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Antonio Granata, Dario Galeano, and Fulvio Fiorini
3 Ischemic Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Antonio Granata, Elnaz Rahbari, Dario Galeano,
and Pasquale Fatuzzo
4 Cystic Diseases of the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Marco Misericordia, Eleonora Tosti, Marco Macchini,
Andrea B. Galosi, and Gian Marco Giuseppetti
5 Kidney Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Libero Barozzi, Diana Capannelli, Massimo Valentino,
and Michele Bertolotto
6 Renal Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Libero Barozzi, Diana Capannelli, Massimo Valentino,
and Michele Bertolotto
7 Renal Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Libero Barozzi, Diana Capannelli, Massimo Valentino,
and Michele Bertolotto
8 The Transplanted Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Giulio Argalia, Nicola Carboni, Daniela Dabbene, Giuliano Peta,
Paola Piccinni, Anna Clara Renzi, and Gian Marco Giuseppetti
9 Children’s Kidney and Urinary Tract
Congenital Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Maria Ludovica Degl’Innocenti and Giorgio Piaggio
10 Normal and Pathological Adrenal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Pasquale Martino, Silvano Palazzo, Francesco Paolo Selvaggi,
Carlos Miacola, and Michele Battaglia
xi
xii Contents
11 Intraoperative Ultrasound in Renal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Nicola Pavan, Tommaso Silvestri, Calogero Cicero,
Antonio Celia, and Emanuele Belgrano
12 Interventional Ultrasound: Renal Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Carlo Manno, Anna Maria Di Palma, Elisabetta Manno,
Michele Rossini, and Loreto Gesualdo
13 Interventional Ultrasound: Biopsy of Renal Masses . . . . . . . . . 159
Alessandro Volpe and Luisa Zegna
14 Interventional Ultrasound: Positioning Nephrostomy . . . . . . . 173
Pasquale Martino, Carlos Miacola, Michele Barbera,
and Silvano Palazzo
15 Interventional Ultrasound: Puncture and Sclerotherapy
of Renal Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Pasquale Martino, Silvano Palazzo, and Giuseppe Carrieri
Part II The Male Pelvis, Ureters and Urethra
16 Ultrasound Study of the Ureters and Intrarenal
Excretory Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Paolo Rosi, Giovanni Rosi, Paolo Guiggi, and Michele Del Zingaro
17 Functional Ultrasound Study of the Upper
Excretory Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Paolo Rosi, Giovanni Rosi, Paolo Guiggi, and Michele Del Zingaro
18 Ultrasound Study of the Urethra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Andrea B. Galosi and Lucio Dell’Atti
19 Interventional Ultrasound-Guided Treatment of Urinary
Incontinence: Insertion of ProACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Andrea Gregori, Virginia Varca, and Andrea Benelli
Part III Prostate and Seminal Vesicles
20 Prostate and Seminal Vesicles: Ultrasound Anatomy
and Scanning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Vincenzo Scattoni and Carmen Maccagnano
21 Prostatic Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Andrea B. Galosi, Luigi Quaresima, and Rodolfo Montironi
22 Prostatic Cysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Andrea Benedetto Galosi, Luigi Quaresima,
Roberta Mazzucchelli, and Rodolfo Montironi
23 Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Vincenzo Scattoni and Carmen Maccagnano