Atlas of small animal CT and MRI

704 Pages·2015·131.68 MB·English

by  Erik R. Wisner

Atlas of Small Animal CT and MRI

Atlas of Small Animal CT and MRI
Erik R. Wisner,
DVM, Dipl. ACVR
Professor of Diagnostic Imaging
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California
Davis, CA
Allison L. Zwingenberger,
DVM, MAS, Dipl. ACVR, Dipl. ECVDI
Associate Professor of Diagnostic Imaging
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California
Davis, CA
This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Wisner, Erik R., author.
Atlas of small animal CT and MRI / Erik R. Wisner, Allison L. Zwingenberger.
p. ; cm.
Atlas of small animal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Includes index.
ISBN 978‐1‐118‐44617‐1 (cloth)
1. Veterinary tomography. 2. Veterinary diagnostic imaging. 3. Magnetic resonance imaging. I. Zwingenberger, Allison L., author.
II. Title. III. Title: Atlas of small animal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
[DNLM: 1. Dog Diseases–diagnosis–Atlases. 2. Cat Diseases–diagnosis–Atlases. 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Atlases.
4. Tomography, Emission‐Computed–Atlases. SF 991]
SF757.8.W57 2015
636.089′60757–dc23
2014049391
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover images courtesy of Erik R. Wisner and Allison L. Zwingenberger
Set in 10.5/12.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2015
Contents
Preface vi 3.4 Neoplasia 329
How to use this atlas vii 3.5 Intervertebral disk disease and other
abbreviations viii degenerative disorders 355
3.6 Brachial and lumbosacral plexus 376
Section 1: Head & Neck 1
Section 4: Thorax 387
1.1 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses 3
1.2 Ear 27 4.1 Thoracic wall and diaphragm 389
1.3 Temporomandibular joint 40 4.2 Pleural space 398
1.4 Skull 55 4.3 Mediastinum and esophagus 408
1.5 Orbit 69 4.4 Heart, pulmonary vasculature,
1.6 Globe 86 and great vessels 423
1.7 Salivary glands 98 4.5 Airways 442
1.8 Lymph nodes 107 4.6 Small airways and parenchyma 458
1.9 Oral cavity 113
1.10 Larynx, pharynx, and neck 132 Section 5: Abdomen 489
1.11 Thyroid and parathyroid 141
5.1 Body wall, retroperitoneum,
and peritoneal cavity 491
Section 2: Brain 153
5.2 Hepatovascular disorders 504
2.1 Ventricular system and hydrocephalus 155 5.3 Hepatobiliary disorders 522
2.2 Brain edema 162 5.4 Gastrointestinal tract 538
2.3 Developmental disorders 165 5.5 Pancreas 551
2.4 Trauma, hemorrhage, and vascular 5.6 Adrenal gland 561
disorders 173 5.7 Spleen 572
2.5 Metabolic, toxic, and degenerative disorders 184 5.8 Urinary tract 584
2.6 Noninfectious inflammatory disorders 197 5.9 Reproductive tract 604
2.7 Infectious inflammatory disorders 206
2.8 Neoplasia 221 Section 6: Musculoskeletal System 615
2.9 Sella and parasellar region 244
6.1 Developmental and metabolic disorders 617
2.10 Cranial nerves 264
6.2 Trauma 636
6.3 Inflammatory disorders 652
Section 3: Vertebral Column & Spinal Cord 279
6.4 Neoplasia 662
3.1 Developmental disorders 281 6.5 Degenerative disorders 675
3.2 Traumatic and vascular disorders 295
3.3 Inflammatory disorders 317 Index 681
v
Preface
The first biomedical use of CT and MRI occurred in the has informed the content of this atlas. We would also like
1970’s and over the past three decades these imaging to acknowledge our stellar residents and students whose
modalities have greatly advanced our ability to diagnose inquiring minds have motivated us to author this text.
disorders of companion animals. The rapid clinical Special thanks go to our technical staff, Rich Larson,
integration of CT and MRI since their introduction into Jason Peters, and Jennifer Harrison whose dedication
veterinary medicine, coupled with continual advances in and technical expertise over the years has been invalua-
imaging technology and an ever-expanding body of ble. We would also like to extend our gratitude to
literature, provide the inspiration for the Atlas of Small Michael French whose attention to detail has improved
Animal CT and MRI. the quality of this work immensely, and to John Doval
This book is intended for residents and specialists in who conceived the overall book design. Our editors,
most any clinical specialty, motivated veterinary stu- Nancy Turner and Catriona Cooper, and project man-
dents, and any practicing veterinarian who routinely ager, Aileen Castell, were instrumental in ensuring our
refers patients for advanced imaging. For those currently changes and suggestions were incorporated. Finally we
in training or new to CT and MRI, the text provides a would like to thank our loved ones, Gina, Tristan,
broad, image-rich exposure to the subject. For more Adriane, and Mike, whose support has given us the
seasoned veterinary specialists, the book serves as both a inspiration to complete this project.
refresher and as a quick reference. Winston Churchill once wrote “Writing a book is an
This is the first textbook of veterinary cross-sectional adventure. To begin with, it is a toy and an amusement;
imaging to present material in a comparative format and then it becomes a mistress, and then it becomes a master,
with correlation to other diagnostic tests and pathology. and then a tyrant. The last phase is that just as you are
The book includes more than 700 patient-based figures about to be reconciled to your servitude, you kill the
composed of over 3000 individual images to illustrate monster, and fling him out to the public.” The origin of
most of the common, and a few uncommon, disorders this book dates back to January 1, 2007 when the senior
diagnosed using CT and MRI. We have taken pains to use author, fortified with an ambitious new years resolution,
examples that have been definitively diagnosed, either drafted an initial outline and began archiving potential
histologically or cytologically, or by an overwhelming pre- material for inclusion. Fast forward eight years and we
ponderance of clinical and other d iagnostic evidence. too have finally reached the point at which we need to
A text such as this is not written without the substan- kill the monster, and fling him out to the public.
tial support of many people. We would like to extend our
appreciation to our diagnostic imaging, neurology, Erik R. Wisner
surgery, medicine and other colleagues whose expertise Allison L. Zwingenberger
vi
How to use this atlas
As shown in the sample images a,b,c, each figure in this that image. The first abbreviation in the string generally
atlas includes a header that identifies the figure number, specifies the imaging modality and specific image
the specific pathology illustrated, and the principal imag- acquisition details. Remaining abbreviations provide
ing modality. Immediately beneath each image is a string information relating to image display, anatomic plane or
of either two or three abbreviations separated by commas orientation. The reader can refer to the comprehensive
which provide the reader with specific information about legend of figure abbreviations for details.
Figure 2.8.23 High-grade Oligodendroglioma (Canine) CT & MR
(a) CT+C, TP (b) TC+C, TP (c) GP, TP
5y French Bulldog with progressive neurologic signs referable to intracranial disease. There is an irregularly shaped, heterogeneously
enhancing, bi-hemispheric mass evident on contrast-enhanced CT (a) and T1 MR (b) images. Post-mortem examination confirmed grade
III oligodendroglioma (c).
vii
abbreviations
3D Three‐dimensional reformat LFB Luxol fast blue (stain)
ADC Apparent diffusion coefficient LLAT Left lateral projection/view
ARTH Arthrogram M Male
CAUD Caudal view MC Male castrated
CC Craniocaudal or caudocranial MED Medial projection/view
CRAN Cranial view MIP Maximum‐intensity projection
CT Computed tomography MR Magnetic resonance
CT&MR Computed tomography & magnetic OBL Oblique view
resonance OP Oblique plane
CT + C CT with contrast medium PAS Periodic acid‐‐Schiff (stain)
DORS Dorsal view PD Proton density‐weighted sequence
DP Dorsopalmar or dorsoplantar RIGHT Right limb
DP Dorsal plane RLAT Right lateral projection/view
DV Dorsoventral projection SP Sagittal plane
DWI Diffusion‐weighted sequence SPGR Spoiled gradient recalled echo sequence
DX Diagnostic radiography SSTSE Single‐shot turbo spin‐echo sequence
DX + C Diagnostic radiography with contrast ST Short T1 inversion recovery (STIR)
medium T1 T1‐weighted sequence
ES Endoscopy T1 + C T1 with contrast medium
F Female T1 + C + FS T1 with contrast medium and fat
FS Female spayed saturation
FL Fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery T2 T2‐weighted sequence
sequence (FLAIR) T2* T2 star weighted sequence
GA Gross anatomy TP Transverse plane
GP Gross pathology US Ultrasound
IL Illustration VD Ventrodorsal projection
LAT Lateral projection/view VENT Ventral view
LEFT Left limb XC External camera photography
viii