Atlas of Deformational and Metamorphic Rock Fabrics

549 Pages·1982·45.241 MB·English

by  Graham J. Borradaile, M. Brian Bayly (auth.), Graham J. Borradaile, M. Brian Bayly, Chris McA. Powell (eds.)

Atlas of
Deformational and
Metamorphic
Rock Fabrics
Edited by
Graham J. Borradaile M. Brian Bayly
Chris MeA. Powell
With 649 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982
GRAHAM J. BORRADAILE, Associate Professor
Department of Geology, Lakehead University
Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5El, Canada
M. BRIAN BA YL Y, Professor
Department of Geology
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York 12181, USA
CHRIS MeA. POWELL, Associate Professor
Geology Department, School of Earth Sciences
Macquarie University
North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
ISBN-13:978-3-642-68434-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-68432-6
DOl :10.1007/978-3-642-68432-6
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title: Atlas of deformational and metamorphic rock fabrics. Bibliography: p.
Includes index. 1. Rocks, Metamorphic-Atlases. 2. Petrofabric analysis-Atlases. 1. Borradaile,
G. J. II. Powell, C. McA. (Chris McA.), 1943-. III. Bayly, B. M. (Brian M.), 1929-.
QE475.A2A87 552'.4 81-18543 ISBN-13:978-3-642-68434-0 AACR2
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the ma
terial is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broad
casting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a
fee is payable to the "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1982
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws
and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Reproduction of the figures: Gebriider Czech, Mtinchen
2132/3130-543210
Preface
In May 1976 Lucian B. Platt organized a highly successful Penrose Confer
ence on The Formation of Rock Cleavage at Bryn Mawr College in Penn
sylvania, U.S.A. The meeting drew together about 70 specialists from both
sides of the Atlantic and from Australasia, who contributed discussions on
various aspects of rock cleavage and its formation. Even early in the meet
ing it became clear to the participants that they lacked a common terminol
ogy, that often the same technical word implied different things to different
people and that observables and descriptors were loosely defined. In an at
tempt to improve communication the present editors contacted about 190
workers after the conference with a view to compiling a set of photographs
with captions to illustrate exactly what workers were talking about. As a re
sult the compilation was published as a limited edition by an inexpensive
offset process at the University of Tasmania. The success of that provisional
edition of the Atlas of Rock Cleavage and the responses of the readers
prompted us to make a more extensive collection of material, contact a
wider range of workers and, with the support of Dr. Konrad Springer, to
publish the present higher-quality reproduction of the contributors' plates.
In the present volume we have tried to be very broad while remaining nar
row: a narrow intention has been retained, to produce a volume that will be
useful to people studying anisotropic materials, but broad ranges have been
encompassed in scale, material, and texture. Work concerning ice, sedi
ments and igneous rocks is represented; scale runs from outcrops to electron
microscopy; and any texture that might throw light on the development of
textural planar anisotropy has been included. We hope the volume will be
useful not only to metamorphic petrologists but also to workers on other
materials, by shedding light on their textures and problems from a perhaps
unfamiliar point of view.
On the other hand, while emphasizing breadth both of content and of ap
plicability, we have tried to stay within our own limited realm of compe
tence. In particular, the introductory text is narrower, and discusses specifi
cally cleavage as conceived in metamorphic petrology. When it comes to
analyzing usage and separating helpful terms from those that are cloudy or
misleading, any commentary is risky, and commentary lacking a tightly
defined topic is almost bound to do harm. So the text focusses on cleavage;
for people working on non-rock material, we have tried to make clear what
we consider reasonable use of our own terms, but to avoid ,straying
abroad - the risk of foot-in-mouth becomes too large. Thus the range of
features illustrated is broad, but the range of terms on whose use we
have commented is rather narrow.
Acknowledgements
Production of this Atlas was made easier through the technical support
offered by Wendy Bons, John de Lathower and Sam Spivak at Lakehead
v
University, Thunder Bay, Ontario. Costs involved by the editors were de
frayed by a grant from Canadian Pacific Railways administered by the
Senate Research Committee of Lakehead University and by grant A6861
from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to
Graham Borradaile. Beside the people involved in this volume being in
debted to each other, we all acknowledge help from those who contributed
to the earlier Atlas of Rock Cleavage and thus helped the present volume
to come into being.
Spring 1982 G. J. BORRADAILE
M. B. BAYLY
C. MeA. POWELL
VI
Contents
Chapter I. Introduction . . 1
Glossary of Cleavage Terms 5
Chapter II. Processes Contributing to Development of Cleavage 7
Possible Geometrical Changes 7
Possible Material Processes 10
Extensions and Examples . . l3
Chapter III. Possible Links Between Observables and Processes 17
The Structure of the Problem 17
Instances Where a Process Can Be Inferred 18
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix I: A System for Drawing Conclusions from Observables 22
Chapter IV. The Plates 33
Continuous Cleavage . 35
Section 1 Continuous Cleavage Formed by Coarse,
Aligned Grains . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Section 2. Fine Continuous Cleavage in Rocks Composed
Largely ofPhyllosilicates . . . . . . . . . . 51
Section 3 Continuous Cleavage in Rocks Composed Largely
ofNon-Phyllosilicate Minerals . . . . . . . . . 73
Spaced Cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Section 4 Crenulation Cleavage with Gradational Boundaries 87
Section 5 Zonal Crenulation Cleavage with Discrete Boundaries 129
Section 6 Crenulations Bounded by Cracks ..... . 151
Section 7 Disjunctive Cleavage Defined by Simple Cracks 175
"
Section 8 Disjunctive Cleavage Defined by Wiggly Cracks
or Seams .............. . 203
Section 9 Cleavage Defined by Anastomosing Seams 247
Section 10 Cleavage Defined by Planar Seams 259
Section 11 Cleavage Defined by Wispy Seams 307
Section 12 Cleavage Defined by Flame-like Seams 319
Section 13 Cleavage Defined by Seams Differentiated Without
Dissolution or Disaggregation Aspects .... 339
Section 14 Cleavage Defined by Differentiation on Grounds
of Texture or Geometry but not Composition 354
VII
Other Topics 437
Section 15 Nonp1anar Differentiation and Blastesis 437
Section 16 Cleavage: Indications of Genesis and Strain 465
Section 17 Cleavage and Polyphase Deformation 491
Section 18 Cleavage Refraction and Cleavage-fold
Relationships 509
References 539
Subject Index .... 545
VIII
Contributors' Addresses
AHMAD, RADI School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
AINSWORTH, J. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Universi
ty of California, Berkeley, California 96720, U.S.A.
ALVAREZ, WALTER Department of Geology, and Geophysics, Universi
ty of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A.
BATES, D. E. B. Geology Department, University College of Wales,
Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
BAYLY, M. B. Department of Geology, Rensselaer Polytechnic In
stitute, Troy, New York 12181, U.S.A.
BEACH, A. Department of Geology, The University, P.O.
Box 147, Liverpool L6P 3BX, United Kingdom
BELL, T. H. Department of Geology, P.O. James Cook Univer
sity, Queensland 4811, Australia
BISHOP, D. G. N. Z. Geological Survey, Box 5342, Dunedin, New
Zealand
BOND, W. D. Ontario Geological Survey, Ministry of Natural
Resources, 77 Grenville Street, Toronto, Ontario
M5S IB3, Canada
BORRADAILE, GRAHAM JOHN Department of Geology, Lakehead University,
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5EI, Canada
BOUCHEZ, JEAN-Luc Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, Universite de
Nantes, 44072 Nantes Cedex, France
BOUDlER, FRANyOISE Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 38 Boulevard
Michelet, 44072 Nantes, France
BOULTER, C. A. Department of Geology, University of Western
Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Aus
tralia
BRADBURY, H. J. Department of Geology, Yale University Box 6666,
Newhaven, Connecticut 06511, U.S.A.
BREAKS, F. W. Ontario Geological Survey, Ministry of Natural
Resources, 77 Grenville Street, Toronto, Ontario
M5S IB3, Canada
BURCHFIEL, B. C. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Mas
sachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A.
BURGER, H. ROBERT Department of Geology, Smith College,
Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, U.S.A.
CONAGHAN, P. J. School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University,
North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
IX
COOK,D. Institute of Sedimentary and Petroleum Geology,
Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd Street NW,
Calgary, Canada
COSGROVE, JOHN WILLIAM Geology Department, Imperial College of Science
and Technology, Prince Consort Road, London,
SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
Cox, S. F. Department of Earth Sciences, Monash University,
Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
CROOK, KEITH A. W. Department of Geology, Australian National
University, GPO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2600,
Australia
DAVIES, W. Geology Department, University College of Wales,
Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
DE BOER, R. B. Koninklijke/Shell Exploratie en Produktie Labo
ratorium, Volmerlaan 6, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
DENNIS, JOHN G. Department of Geological Sciences, California
State University, Long Beach, California 90840,
U.S.A.
DURNEY, D. W. School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University,
North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
ENGELDER, TERRY Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisa
des, New York 10964, U.S.A.
ETHERIDGE, M. A. Department of Earth Sciences, Monash University,
Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
FINLEY, SHARON Department of Geology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, New York 12181, U.S.A.
FRIEDMAN, M. Department of Geology and Center for Tectono
physics, Texas A & M University, College Station,
Texas 77843, U.S.A.
GARDNER, D. A. C. Gulf Canada Resources, Inc., P.O. Box 130,
Calgary, Alberta T2P 2H7, Canada
GHENT,E.D. Department of Geology, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta T2N IN4, Canada
GILL, GRETA Department of Geology and Geophysics, Boston
College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167,
U.S.A.
GLEN,R.A. Geological Survey of New South Wales, State
Office Block, Phillip Street, Sydney, New South
Wales 2000, Australia
GRANATH, JAMES W. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State
University ofN ew York, Stony Brook, New York
11974, U.S.A.
GRAY,D.R. Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Poly
technic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia 24061, U.S.A.
GREGG, WILLIAM J. Department of Geology and Geological Engi
neering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, Michigan 49931, U.S.A.
x
HANCOCK, P. L. Department of Geology, University of Bristol,
Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol
BS8 1T R, United Kingdom
HARRIS, A. L. Department of Geology, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
HEARD,H. C. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of
California, Livermore, California 94550, U.S.A.
HIGGS, N. G. Department of Geology and Center for Tectono
physics, Texas A & M University, College Station,
Texas 77843, U.S.A.
HOLCOMBE, R. J. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Universi
ty of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067,
Australia
HUDLESTON, P. J. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Universi
ty of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
U.S.A.
HUGHES, K. C. Department of Geology, University of Western
Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009,
Australia
JACKSON, P. A. Department of Geology, Lakehead University,
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5El, Canada
KEHLENBECK, M. M. Department of Geology, Lakehead University,
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
KENNEDY, MYRA C. Department of Geology, Lakehead University,
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5El, Canada
KISSIN, S. A. Department of Geology, Lakehead University,
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5El, Canada
KNIPE, R. J. Department of Earth Sciences, The University,
Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
LEBEDEVA, N. B. Department of Geology, Moscow State University,
117234 Moscow, U.S.S.R.
LINCOLN, BETH Z. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Univer
sity of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Cali
fornia 90405, U.S.A.
MALTMAN, ALEX J. Department of Geology, University College
of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
MANCKTELOW, N. S. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Universi
ty of Adelaide, G.P.O. Box 84, Adelaide 5001, Aus
tralia
MARTIN, D. School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University,
North Ryde, NSW 2113. Australia
MAXWELL, J. C. Department of Geological Sciences, The Universi
ty of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A.
MCCLAY, K. R. Department of Geology, University of London
Goldsmiths College, New Cross, London
SE14 6NW, United Kingdom
MEANS, W.D. Department of Geological Sciences, State Univer
sity of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, U.S.A.
XI