Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

143 Pages·2016·5.03 MB·English

ASSESSMENT OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION ABILITY OF TREES FOR ADOPTING
IN GREEN BELT OF CEMENT INDUSTRIES IN KARNATAKA

MARCH, 2016
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
(MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS, GOVT.OF
INDIA)
ZONAL OFFICE (SOUTH),
“Nisarga Bhawan”, Thimmaiah Road,
Shivanagar, Bengaluru – 560 079
Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

Content
Sl Title Page
1.0 Introduction 5
2.0 Objectives 6
3.0 Air Pollution From Cement Industries 6
4.0 Role Of Green Belt In Carbon Sequestration 7
5.0 Study Area 8
6.0 Methodology 9
6.1 Estimation Of CO2 And PM Emission Load 9
6.1.1 PM Emission Load 9
6.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Emission Load 9
6.2 Documentation of Plant species present in green belt 12
6.3 Physiological Properties of plants in green belt 12
6.3.1 Total Chlorophyll Content 13
6.3.2 Relative Water Content 13
6.3.3 Leaf Extract 14
6.3.4 Ascorbic Acid 14
6.3.5 Air Pollution Tolerance Index 15
6.4 Gas Exchange Studies 15
6.5 Calculation Of Amount Of CO2 Sequestered In Trees Per Year 15
7.0 Control Site 18
7.1 Ambient Air Quality In Control Site 18
7.2 Physiological Properties Of Plants In Control Site 18
7.3 CO Sequestered By Tree Species at Control Site, UAS, Bengaluru 22
2
8 Unit 1 23
8.1 Air Pollution Control Measures In Unit 1 23
8.2 Estimation Of Co Emission Load In Unit 1 24
2
8.3 Green Belt Developed In Unit 1 25
8.4 Physiological Properties Of Plants In Unit 1 27
8.5 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration By Tree Species In Greenbelt Of Unit 1 39
9 Unit 2 41
9.1 Air Pollution Control Measures In Unit 2 41
9.2 Estimation Of CO2 Emission Load In Unit 2 42
9.3 Green Belt Developed In Unit 2 43
9.4 Physiological Properties Of Plants In Unit 2 45
9.5 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration By Tree Species In Greenbelt Of Unit 2 56
10 Unit 3 58
10.1 Air Pollution Control Measures In Unit 3 58
10.2 Estimation Of Co2 Emission Load In Unit 3 60
10.3 Green Belt Developed In Unit 3 60
10.4 Physiological Properties Of Plants In Unit 3 62
10.5 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration By Tree Species In Greenbelt Of Unit 3 69
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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

11 Unit 4 71
11.1 Air Pollution Control Measures In Unit 4 71
11.2 Estimation Of CO2 Emission Load In Unit4 73
11.3 Green Belt Developed In Unit 4 73
11.4 Physiological Properties Of Plants In Unit 4 76
11.5 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration By Tree Species In Greenbelt Of Unit 4 69
12 Infrared Gas Analysis Of Plants 91
12.1 Infrared Gas Analysis At Control Site 91
12.2 Infrared Gas Analysis At Unit-1 95
13 Gaussian Plume Model For Air Quality In Unit-1 99
13.1 Gaussian Plume Model 99
13.2 ISCST3 Software 100
13.3 ISCST3 Input Pathways 100
13.4 Control Pathway 101
13.5 Source Pathway 101
13.6 Receptor Pathway 102
13.7 Selection Of Receptors 102
13.8 Calculation Of Coordinates Of Point Sources 103
13.9 Meteorological Pathway 104
13.10 Meteorological Data 104
13.11 Calculation Of Stability Class 104
13.12 Mixing Height 104
13.13 Meteorology 105
13.14 Wind Rose 106
13.15 Minimum And Maximum Ground Level Concentration Of Pollutants 106
13.16 Spatial Dispersion Of Pollutants 107
13.17 Spatial Dispersion Of Particulate Matter During Winter 107
13.18 Spatial Dispersion Of Particulate Matter During Summer 108
13.19 Spatial Dispersion Of Carbon Dioxide During Winter 108
13.20 Spatial Dispersion Of Carbon Dioxide During Summer 109
13.21 Spatial Dispersion Of Carbon Monoxide During Winter 109
13.22 Spatial Dispersion Of Carbon Monoxide During Summer 110
13.23 Potential Impact Of Pollutants On Receptors 110
13.24 Impact Of PM10 On Receptors 111
13.25 Impact Of CO2 On Receptors 113
13.26 Impact Of CO On Receptors 115
13.27 Ideal Location For Developing Green Belt 117
14 Conclusion And Recommendations 118
14.1 Air Pollution Load 119
14.2 Greenbelt And Carbon Sequestration 120
14.3 Physiological Property Of Plants 121
14.4 Total Chlorophyll Content 121
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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

14.5 Leaf Extract pH 122
14.6 Relative Water Content 123
14.7 Ascorbic Acid Content In Leaf 123
14.8 Air Pollution Tolerance Index 123
14.9 Tolerant Species 124
14.10 Gas Exchange Studies 125
14.11 Air Pollution Modelling Study In Unit 1 125
14.12 Recommendations 127
References 129
Annexure 1: Common name of plant species 132
Annexure 2: Photographs of plant Species 134

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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The cement industries are categorised as highly polluting industries due to its air
pollution potential. The dust escaping from cement factories is often transported by wind and
deposited in areas close and far away from the industry. These include agricultural lands,
natural vegetation, towns and villages. Such depositions of particulate matter and other
pollutants interfere with normal metabolic activities of plants, causing direct injury and
impairment of growth and quality and may ultimately lead to decrease in plant yield. In the
country as a whole, green belt development around the industrial/urban settlement will act as
a cost effective solution for air pollution abatement. Green belt designing in an appropriate
scientific manner not only reduces air pollution, but also sequester carbon dioxide, attenuates
noise pollution and provides habitat for wild life and enhances aesthetic appearance. Most of
the SPCBs have suggested industries to develop greenbelt in 30% of the total industrial area.
CPCB has published list of plant species that can be grown in Industrial area. The green belts
in industrial area are primarily developed for abatement of particulate matter and attenuation
of noise pollution. However in the wake of climate change and global warming due to
industrial greenhouse gases emissions, carbon sequestration in forests and agricultural land
has gained importance. In this study an attempt has been made to assess the quantity of
carbon sequestered in green belt of an industry in comparison to the quantity of carbon
dioxide emitted from it. Also the pollution tolerant species suitable for growths in greenbelt
around cement industry are identifies.
In the present study, the particulate matter and carbon dioxide emission loads from
selected cement industries are estimates, impact of the air pollution on the plant species
present in the industrial green belt are assessed, and air pollution dispersion model was
developed using ISCST3 software for one industry. The pollution tolerant species are
selected. The particulate matter and CO emission loads were calculate based on the emission
2
factors and production data. Gaussian dispersion model for PM, CO and CO during summer
2
and winter were developed to identify the major air pollution impact area and impact on
receptors such as agricultural land and villages surrounding the industry. Based on the spatial
dispersion of the pollutants and maximum ground level concentration, the suitable locations
for developing green belt were identified in one industry. Total chlorophyll content (TCH),
relative water content (RWC), leaf extract pH and ascorbic acid in the leaves of selected
species were studied to assess the impact of air pollution on plants. Simultaneously, the
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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

carbon sequestration potential of the plant species present around the industry was estimated.
Based on the carbon sequestration potential of the plants, most suitable species for carbon
sequestration and air pollution attenuation in the industrial area were recommended.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
The study was carried out with the following objectives:
1. To estimate the particulate matter and carbon dioxide emission load from the selected
cement industry.
2. To predict the maximum ground level concentration of PM , CO, CO and distance
10 2
of maximum impact from the cement industry.
3. Estimate spatial dispersion of PM , CO, CO from the cement industry.
10 2
4. To determine the potential impact of pollutants expose on selected receptors
surrounding the cement industry.
5. Survey of native plants where the cement industry is set up.
6. To assess the carbon stock present in the wood of the trees present in the green belt of
industrial area.
7. To assess the photosynthetic ability of selected plants in the green belt.
8. Comparative account of carbon stock and the photosynthesis ability with plants
present in the industrial area with those present relatively low pollution areas.
9. To identify suitable location for green belt development and recommending suitable
plant species for air pollution attenuation.

3.0 AIR POLLUTION FROM CEMENT INDUSTRIES

The major environmental issues of the cement industry are emissions of greenhouse
gases like CO generated from decomposition of the carbonate raw material like calcination
2
of limestone, burning of fossil or alternate fuel and use of grid or captive power. There is no
limit for CO emissions from cement plants in India. The cement industry contributes 5% of
2
total global carbon dioxide emissions. The approximate contributions of each of the three
main sources of CO emissions are calcinations 50 to 55%; fuel combustion 35 to 45%;
2
electricity up to 10%. CO emissions from clinker production amounts therefore at about 0.5
2
kg/kg clinker. The total CO emissions across the world varies between 0.36 to 1.09 kg per
2
kg cement produced for dry and wet cement production process for various fuels and various
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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

clinker/cement ratios, while specific emission from India is 0.93 kg CO2/kg of cement (C.A.
Hendriks et al).The Indian cement industry are exploring various options such as utilisation
of alternate fuel, modernisation of air pollution control equipments, the use of treated waste
water for dust suppression and green belt development to reduce emission load.
4.0 ROLE OF GREEN BELT IN CARBON SEQUESTATION
Since plants can play an important role in reducing air pollution, the concept of green
belt development in and around industrial areas has gained much attention in the recent past.
It is applied as a pollution mitigation tool in industrial sites, urban development or for an
historical site/sensitive area protection plan. Vegetation acts as living filters to minimize air
pollution by absorption, adsorption, detoxification, accumulation and/or metabolization
without sustaining serious foliar damage or decline in growth. Identification of suitable plant
species for green belts is very important. The study carried out by Strohbach, M.W et al,
2012 shows, the carbon stored in trees varies with growth and mortality, but maximum
growth and low mortality stores large amounts of carbon at 226 tons of CO per hectare. Only
2
38 tons of CO per hectare are stored with minimum growth and high mortality. Chaulya et
2
al. (2001) reported that green belt of 40m width of various plant species around the open cast
limestone quarry would act as a dust attenuator and would effectively mitigate and minimize
air pollution impacts from the quarry. Rao et al. (2004) analyzed the pollutant removal by
green belts around petroleum refinery and found that the ambient concentrations of SO
2
reduces by 39%, NOx by 40%, SPM by 37%, THC by 86%, CO by 93%, VOCs by 87.1%
across the green belt and the overall air pollutant removal efficiency was calculated as 63%.
Green belt needs an appropriate scientific design for effective reduction in air pollution.
Tree height, width of green belt, distance of green belt from the source, visibility etc are some
design parameters of green belts to be considered for effective air pollution reduction. The
species used in green belts should be pollutant tolerant. Levels of air pollution tolerance vary
from species to species, depending on the capacity of plants to withstand the effect of pollutants
without showing any external damage. The tolerance level of a plant species can be evaluated
through an empirical number indicating the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) which is
calculated based upon leaf extract pH, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, and relative water
contents (N.B. Dhital, 2013). A pH on the higher side and increased level of ascorbic acid
improves tolerance against air pollution. APTI and some relevant biological and socioeconomic
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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

characters can be used to calculate anticipated performance index (API) which is then used to
evaluate the suitability of a species for green belt. Since the appropriateness of a species to be
used in green belt may be site specific; some of the characteristics of an ideal plant for green belt
are fast growth rate for quick development of a canopy; strong branches for a durable canopy to
withstand storms; large leaf size for enhanced retention of pollutants; dense foliage for better
trapping of pollutants; relatively good tolerance to insects and diseases, tolerance to soil
compaction and nutrient stress, and long life span for extended longevity of the green belt itself.
5.0 STUDY AREA
Due to the availability of raw materials, the cement industries are located all over the
Karnataka State. There are 16 cement industries in Karnataka. The four cement industries in
Karnataka were selected for the study based on their geographical location, kiln capacity,
type of process and nature of green belt developed around the industry. Two cement
industries considered for study are in Northern Karnataka and other two cement industries in
Southern Karnataka are selected for the detail study. The details of the industries selected for
study are as follow:
Table 1: Industry Code
Sl Industry code Capacity (TPD) Agro Climatic Zone
No
1 Unit 1 1500 Central Dry Zone
2 Unit 2 1000 Central Dry Zone
3 Unit 3 10000 North Eastern Dry Zone
4 Unit 4 17500 North Eastern Dry Zone

The Botonical Garden at University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru was selected
as control site. The ambient air quality study and physiochemical properties of species were
studied in the control site to compare the effect of particulate matter on plant species.

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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

6.0 METHODOLOGY
6.1 Estimation of CO and PM emissions loads
2
The emission factor based method is used for quantity of CO and particulate matter
2
emission load from four Cement industries. The information on capacity of the industry,
technology adopted, and pollution control devices installed in cement plants in Karnataka are
collected during the study visit to the industries. Monitoring is carried out to assess the CO ,
2
COand particulate matter emitted from selected stacks to quantify the air pollution load from

the industries.
6.1.1 PM EMISSION LOAD
The particulate matter emission load from four cement industries studied are
estimated based on clinker production capacity as per consent conditions and emission factor.
The PM load is calculated using emission factor method. The PM emission factor for clinker
production in India cement industry is 1.20kg/ton of clinker production (CPCB, 2001). The
PM emission factor per ton clinker is multiplied with quantity of clinker produced per annum
to estimate the PM emission load in terms of tons per year.
PM emission = Mcl X EFcl
Where:
PM Emissions = emissions of particulate matter from cement production, tons/year
Mcl = weight (mass) of clinker produced per annum, tons/year
EFcl = emission factor for clinker, tons PM/tons of clinker produced

The particulate matter emissions estimated in the study is maximum PM emitted from
the industries when they operate at 100% consent capacity. However, the actual PM
emissions depend on the production capacity and best management practices implemented for
air pollution control.
6.1.2 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION LOAD
The sources of carbon dioxide emissions from cement industry are broadly classified
into process related emissions and energy related emissions. The Process related carbon
dioxide emissions result from the calcination of carbonate raw materials, through heating at
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Assessment of carbon sequestration ability of trees for adopting in greenbelt of cement industries

high temperature, to form metallic oxide. The Energy related carbon dioxide emissions are
due to consumption of fuels in the production process. The process related emissions
accounts for 60% and energy related emission accounts for 40% of the total CO emissions in
2
cement industry. In the present study, estimation of carbon dioxide emission per annum from
an industry is calculated based on consent capacity of clinker production. The consent
capacity is used in the study mainly to estimate and recommend the greenbelt required to be
developed by the industry for sequestration of carbon dioxide. Thus the CO emission
2
estimation in the present study is the maximum quantity of CO that would be emitted from
2
the industry, if it operates at 100% consent capacity. However, the CO emissions from an
2
industry are less than the maximum and depends on the actual quantity of the clinker
produced per annum.
Process related emissions:
Tier 2 Method of IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas inventories, 2006, is
adopted in this study for estimation of process related CO emissions. In this method emission
2
is calculated based on the amount of raw material consumed or product formed, along with
emission factor that represents the amount of CO emitted per unit of mass.
2
The equation used for estimation of CO emissions is:
2
CO emission = M X EF X CKD
2 cl cl cl
Where:
CO Emissions = emissions of CO from cement production, tons/year
2 2
M = weight (mass) of clinker produced, tons/year
cl
EF = emission factor for clinker, tons CO /tons of clinker produced
cl 2
CKD = emission correction factor for cement kiln dust, dimensionless
cl

The activity data such as quantity of clinker produced per year (M ) as per consent
cl
conditions and chemical composition of clinker produced are collected from each industry.
The emission factor for clinker production is estimated as per Tire 2 method based on CaO
content in the clinker. For the present study, it is assumed that cement kiln dust is not lost in
the system and hence CKD correction factor (CF ) is considered as 1.00.
ckd
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