Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems

176 Pages·2007·3.46 MB·English

by  William J. Adams

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Assessing the Hazard of
Half title paMgeetals and
Inorganic Metal Substances in
Aquatic and
Terrestrial Systems
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Assessing the Hazard of
Metals and
TiItnleo rPgaagneic Metal Substances in
Aquatic and
Terrestrial Systems
Edited by
William J. Adams
Peter M. Chapman
Proceedings from the Workshop on
Hazard Identification Approach for Metals and
Inorganic Metal Substances
3-8 May 2003
Pensacola Beach, Florida USA
Coordinating Editor of SETAC Books
Joseph W. Gorsuch
Gorsuch Environmental Management Services, Inc.
Webster, New York, USA
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Published in collaboration with the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
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ISBN-10: 1-880611-89-9 (SETAC Press)
ISBN-13: 978-1-880611-89-0 (SETAC Press)
© 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
SETAC Press is an imprint of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adams, William J., 1946-
Assessing the hazard of metals and inorganic metal substances in aquatic and terrestrial
systems / William J. Adams and Peter M. Chapman.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-4440-9 (alk. paper)
1. Metals--Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental risk assessment. 3.
Metals--Toxicology. I. Chapman, Peter M. II. Title.
TD196.M4A33 2006
577.27--dc22
2006022030
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................xi
Editors.....................................................................................................................xiii
Workshop Participants.............................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 A Pellston Workshop on Metals Hazard Assessment..........................1
William J. Adams and Peter M. Chapman
1.1 Introduction to the Workshop..........................................................................1
1.2 Hazard Identification, Classification, and Assessment....................................2
1.3 Workshop Purpose and Goals..........................................................................4
References..................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2 Executive Summary.............................................................................7
William J. Adams and Peter M. Chapman
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................7
2.2 Persistence........................................................................................................7
2.3 Bioaccumulation...............................................................................................8
2.4 Toxicity.............................................................................................................8
2.5 Terrestrial Environment....................................................................................9
2.6 Conclusion......................................................................................................10
Chapter 3 Integrated Approach for Hazard Assessment of Metals and
Inorganic Metal Substances: The Unit World Model Approach.......11
Adam Peters, William J. Adams, Miriam L. Diamond, William Davison,
Dominic M. Di Toro, Patrick J. Doyle, Donald Mackay, Jerome Nriagu,
Carol Ptacek, James M. Skeaff, Edward Tipping, and Hugo Waeterschoot
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................11
3.1.1 Background........................................................................................11
3.1.2 A Unifying Model..............................................................................13
3.2 The Unit World Model (UWM)....................................................................14
3.3 Hazard Assessment Framework for a Generic Environment........................16
3.3.1 Generalized Model Framework.........................................................16
3.3.2 Water Column/Sediment Model........................................................17
3.3.3 Soil Model..........................................................................................21
3.3.4 Key Processes.....................................................................................23
3.4 Source Term...................................................................................................23
3.4.1 Natural Occurrence of Metals............................................................24
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3.4.2 Determining the Input Term..............................................................24
3.4.2.1 Measuring Tool for the Aquatic Compartment..................26
3.4.2.2 Measuring Tool for the Soil Compartment........................26
3.4.3 Combinations of Commercial Compounds.......................................28
3.4.4 Generic Data Needs...........................................................................28
3.5 Application of the UWM...............................................................................28
3.5.1 Application to Classification..............................................................30
3.5.2 Application to Ranking......................................................................30
3.5.3 Application to Screening Assessment...............................................31
3.5.4 Distribution of the Mass Input into Compartments for
Different Assessment Levels..............................................................31
3.5.5 Precautionary Approach.....................................................................31
3.6 Illustrations of Hazard Assessments..............................................................32
3.6.1 Example 1: The Generic Environment (Unit World)........................32
3.6.1.1 Organic Compounds...........................................................34
3.6.1.2 2 Metals..............................................................................41
3.6.2 Example 2: A Simple Approach for Soils.........................................41
3.6.2.1 Defining a Unit World Soil................................................41
3.6.2.2 Scoping Calculations..........................................................45
3.6.2.3 Application..........................................................................46
3.6.3 Example 3: The Water Column/Sediment Model.............................46
3.7 Steps Required to Proceed from a Prototype to a Workable Model............48
3.7.1 Implementation...................................................................................48
3.7.2 UWM Evaluation and Validation.......................................................49
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................51
References................................................................................................................51
Chapter 4 Bioaccumulation: Hazard Identification of Metals and
Inorganic Metal Substances...............................................................55
Christian E. Schlekat, James C. McGeer, Ronny Blust, Uwe Borgmann,
Kevin V. Brix, Nicolas Bury, Yves Couillard, Robert L. Dwyer, Samuel N. Luoma,
Steve Robertson, Keith G. Sappington, Ilse Schoeters, and Dick T.H.M. Sijm
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................55
4.2 Regulatory Objectives of Bioaccumulation in Hazard Assessment..............56
4.2.1 European Union (EU)........................................................................56
4.2.2 United States......................................................................................56
4.2.3 Canada................................................................................................57
4.3 Scientific Basis of Metal Bioaccumulation: Current State of
Understanding................................................................................................57
4.3.1 Mechanisms of Metal Uptake............................................................57
4.3.2 Gill vs. Gut Environments.................................................................58
4.3.3 Chemical Speciation and Biological Availability..............................59
4.3.4 Bioaccumulation and Toxicity...........................................................60
4.3.5 Metal Exposure Concentrations and Accumulation..........................62
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4.4 Limitations of Current Approach to Bioconcentration Factors (BCFs)
and Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs)...........................................................63
4.4.1 Metal Bioaccumulation, Toxicity, and Trophic Transfer...................63
4.4.1.1 Inverse Relationships..........................................................63
4.4.1.2 Bioaccumulation in Relation to Chronic Toxicity.............64
4.4.1.3 Trophic Transfer.................................................................65
4.4.2 Implication.........................................................................................65
4.5 Further Guidance on Bioaccumulation..........................................................65
4.5.1 Biodynamic Models...........................................................................65
4.5.2 Application of BCF and BAF Data...................................................66
4.5.2.1 Linking BCF with Chronic Lethality.................................66
4.5.2.2 Accounting for Accumulation from Background
Concentrations....................................................................71
4.5.2.3 Calculating BCF and BAF Values over a Limited
Range of Concentrations....................................................71
4.5.2.4 Bioaccumulation in Relation to Dietary Toxicity..............72
4.6 Integration of Chronic Thresholds and Trophic Transfer into the Unit
World Model...................................................................................................72
4.6.1 Introduction........................................................................................72
4.6.2 Trophic Transfer Models....................................................................73
4.6.2.1 Conceptual Framework.......................................................73
4.6.2.2 Biodynamic Bioaccumulation Models...............................75
4.6.2.3 Use of Model Outputs........................................................78
4.6.3 Uncertainties.......................................................................................79
4.6.3.1 Bioaccumulation Models....................................................79
4.6.3.2 Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs).....................................81
4.6.3.3 Protectiveness of Environmental Quality Standards..........81
4.7 Conclusions....................................................................................................82
References................................................................................................................83
Chapter 5 Aquatic Toxicity for Hazard Identification of Metals and
Inorganic Metal Substances...............................................................89
Andrew S. Green, Peter M. Chapman, Herbert E. Allen, Peter G.C. Campbell,
Rick D. Cardwell, Karel De Schamphelaere, Katrien M. Delbeke, David R. Mount,
and William A. Stubblefield
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................89
5.2 Data Acceptability..........................................................................................90
5.2.1 Data Evaluation and Species Selection Criteria................................90
5.2.2 Culture and Test Conditions..............................................................92
5.2.2.1 Background and Essentiality..............................................92
5.2.2.2 Other Relevant Test System Characteristics......................94
5.2.2.3 Algal Tests..........................................................................95
5.3 Sediment Effect Thresholds...........................................................................95
5.4 Dietary Exposure............................................................................................97