Assessing a Mars Agreement Including Human Settlements

205 Pages·2021·4.104 MB·English

by  Annette Froehlich

Studies in Space Policy
Annette Froehlich   Editor
Assessing a
Mars Agreement
Including Human
Settlements
Studies in Space Policy
Volume 30
SeriesEditor
EuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute,Vienna,Austria
Editedby:EuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute,Vienna,Austria
Director:Jean-JacquesTortora
EditorialAdvisoryBoard:
MarekBanaszkiewicz
KarelDobeš
GenevieveFioraso
StefaniaGiannini
GerdGruppe
MaxKowatsch
SergioMarchisio
FritzMerkle
MargitMischkulnig
DominiqueTilmans
FritsvonMeijenfeldt
https://espi.or.at/about-us/governing-bodies
The use of outer space is of growing strategic and technological relevance. The
development of robotic exploration to distant planets and bodies across the solar
system, as well as pioneering human space exploration in earth orbit and of the
moon, paved the way for ambitious long-term space exploration. Today, space
exploration goes far beyond a merely technological endeavour, as its further
development will have a tremendous social, cultural and economic impact. Space
activities are entering an era in which contributions of the humanities — history,
philosophy, anthropology —, the arts, and the social sciences — political science,
economics, law — will become crucial for the future of space exploration. Space
policythuswillgaininvisibilityandrelevance.TheseriesStudiesinSpacePolicy
shallbecometheEuropeanreferencecompilationeditedbytheleadinginstitutein
thefield,theEuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute.Itwillcontainbothmonographsand
collectionsdealingwiththeirsubjectsinatransdisciplinaryway.
Thevolumesoftheseriesaresingle-blindpeer-reviewed.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8167
Annette Froehlich
Editor
Assessing a Mars Agreement
Including Human Settlements
Editor
AnnetteFroehlich
EuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute
Vienna,Austria
ISSN1868-5307 ISSN1868-5315 (electronic)
StudiesinSpacePolicy
ISBN978-3-030-65012-4 ISBN978-3-030-65013-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65013-1
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Preface
Thepreviousworldwidespacelawessayinvitationonthetopicoftheprotectionof
cultural heritage sites on the Moon was a great success and was well received by
thespacecommunity.Accordingly,theEuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute(ESPI)and
theGermanAerospaceCenter(DLR)launchedtheirfollow-upinvitationforarticles
by students and young professionals on the topic of assessing a Mars agreement,
includinghumansettlement.Excellentcontributionswerereceivedfromaroundthe
world.Thisbookthusbringstogethernewandinnovativeideasandfreshperspectives
onthistimelytopicthattakesplaceagainstthebackdropofincreasinglywidespread
discussionsonrampinguphumanactivitiesontheredplanet.
AccordingtotheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),theseactivities,currentlyrobotic
innature,buttobefollowedupbyahumanpresenceonMars,arefocusedprimarily
onthesearchforlife,andgainingagreaterunderstandingofthegeology,hydrology,
atmosphereandbroaderenvironmentalevolutionoftheplanet.Undoubtedly,witha
humanpresenceonMars(eithertemporaryorpermanent),miningandotherkinds
ofresourceextractionwillalsobecomeimportantactivities.Indeed,inrecenttimes
variousinitiativesandtechniquesformanagingahumanjourneyandstayonMars
have been discussed, and it is widely accepted that humans will leave their home
planetinthecomingdecadestobecomeaninterplanetaryspeciesandtoundertake
awiderangeofactivitiesinspace.Undoubtedly,theMoonwillbethefirsttargetof
this expansion. For this reason, the previous worldwide space law essay invitation
andresultingbookplaceditsfocusontheMoon.
However, as humans ramp up their Martian endeavours, critical legal questions
arisethereaswell.Indeed,oneofthecentralchallengesisthatthebasiclegalprin-
ciples drafted and commonly accepted within the international community were
framedbytheearlyspaceactivitiesofthesuperpowersandthustookintoaccountthe
challengesandpreoccupationsofthattime.Therefore,eventhoughtheOuterSpace
Treaty,oftencalledtheMagnaCartaofinternationalspacelaw,hasthescopetocover
allspaceactivitiesinouterspaceandcelestialbodies,ithasalreadybeenarguedtobe
insufficientinkeepingupwiththerapidpaceoftechnologicalprogress.Thesubse-
quentMoonTreatyexpandedonsomeofthemainshortcomingsoftheOuterSpace
Treaty,butdidnotreceive widespread acceptance, particularlybythemainspace-
faringnations.Withgreaterattentionnowbeingdirectedtowardshumanactivities
v
vi Preface
andsettlementonMars,theurgencyofaddressingoutstandinglegalquestionsina
manneragreeabletoallstakeholdersisthusgrowing.
Accordingly,thisbookpresentsacollectionofrichcontributionsfromthenext
generationofspaceprofessionalsonthistopic,assessingvariousaspectsofpotential
specialinternationalrulestobecompiledinafuturemulti-layeredMarsagreement.
Theindividualchaptersconsidernotonlyaspectsofregulation—includingtheprece-
dentoftheInternationalSpaceStationagreement,intellectualpropertyrights,legal
considerations around the freedom of exploration and use, and the legal implica-
tionsofcontactwithextraterrestrialintelligence—butalsoaddressthecreationand
managementofanewsocietyonMars—includingwastestreams,criminaljustice,
humanreproductionandchildbirth,andtheprotectionofhumanrightsinprivately
fundedsettlements.
Giventheurgentneedtoconsidertheseandotherinternationalspacelawissues
beforeactualsettlementtakesplace,andthedearthofpublicationspresentingfresh
perspectivesandideas,westandthebestchanceoffindingagreeablesolutionstothe
multitude of challenges around Mars settlement and exploration by giving a voice
toyoungprofessionalsfromaroundtheworld.Thispublicationthereforeprovides
asolidcontributiontodebates thatwillshapethefutureofhumanity,andhelpsto
ensure that this takes place in the spirit laid down by the Outer Space and other
treaties—thattheexplorationanduseofMarsshallbecarriedoutforthebenefitand
intheinterestsofallhumankind.
October2020 Dr.AnnetteFroehlich
EuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute(ESPI)
SecondedbyGermanAerospaceCenter(DLR)
Vienna,Austria
Contents
1 AgreementsProtectingLivesonInterplanetaryEnterprises
(ALIEN):TailoringaMarsCriminalJusticeSystem .............. 1
LaurynHallet
2 Is Human Settlement on Mars Marking the Beginning
of a New Era of Intellectual Property Rights Protection
inOuterSpace? ............................................... 15
TerezieNeˇmcová
3 OntheProvinceofAllMarskind ............................... 27
MariaLucas-Rhimbassen
4 HowFiveFundamentalHumanRightsCouldBeViolated
in Privately-Funded Space Settlements and the Role
oftheMarsAgreementinTheirProtection ...................... 37
JuanGarcíaBonilla
5 Legal Implications of Detection of or Contact
withExtra-TerrestrialIntelligenceintheMarsAgreement
IncludingHumanSettlements .................................. 51
TugrulCakir
6 TheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)Intergovernmental
AgreementasaPrecedentforRegulatingtheFirstHuman
SettlementsonMars ........................................... 63
AlexandrosEleftheriosFarsaris
7 BuildingaNewLegalModelforSettlementsonMars ............. 75
IvanFino
8 FactorsInfluencingtheFutureMartianPopulation ............... 85
SatyamTiwari
vii
viii Contents
9 LegalImplicationsforGenderMixedHumanSettlements
onMars—PreliminaryThoughtsonHumanReproduction
andChildbirthinSpace ........................................ 99
ClaudiuMihaiTa˘iatu
10 Who Speaks for Mars? The Responsibility to Protect
andtheSearchforLife ........................................ 113
AndréSiebrits
11 CrewedSpaceMissionWaste-StreamsandImpactonHuman
ExplorationofMars ........................................... 129
SamuelAnih
12 Shared NetworkInfrastructures onMars:Implementing
LegalToolsfortheEstablishmentandRegulationofaMartian
PowerGrid ................................................... 147
RobertBente
13 ATaleofTwoPlanetsinInternationalSpaceLaw:Limitations
totheFreedomofExplorationandUse .......................... 167
RadheySoundaryaGnanesh
14 Protecting the Million-Year Picnic: The Importance
ofImportingtheRuleofLawtoMars ........................... 181
YukChiChan
15 FromAntarcticatoMars:DevelopingaMarsTreatySystem ...... 193
JohnTziouras
Chapter 1
Agreements Protecting Lives
on Interplanetary Enterprises (ALIEN):
Tailoring a Mars Criminal Justice System
LaurynHallet
Abstract The colonisation of Mars has always seemed like a distant dream.
However, with the increase of Mars exploration missions and concrete plans from
states and private companies to send humans on the Red Planet, the dream may
well become reality. The challenges will not merely be technical or scientific, but
sociologicalandlegal.Takingintoaccountthoselasttwoelementswillbedecisive
inmaintainingorderamongstMarssettlersandmanagingcriminalactivity.Tothis
end, a new criminal justice system tailored to Mars has to be created. On the one
hand,itshallbeinformedbyhowlivingonMarswillaffecthumanbehavioursand
violence.Tothisend,thestudyofcertainchallengingenvironmentsandunderlying
behaviouralpatternscanbederivedtoanticipatecriminalactivityonMars.Onthe
other hand, questions of jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute those crimes, as
wellasdelegatingauthorityhavetobeansweredandlegallyframedpre-emptively
toinhabitingtheplanet.However,noexistingsystemisapttoregulateMarsasis.
Instead, several cases can be used to build a base for reflection on what elements
workandmaybereproduced,andwhatisineffectiveandshouldbediscarded.
1.1 Introduction
WhenonethinksaboutthecolonisationofMars,theymaypicturevastdesertedred
landswithfuturisticdomesinhabitedbyselectedfewhumans.Anewlandharbouring
unlimitedpossibilities.Theultimatebreakofthelastfrontierandachance forthe
humanracetostartover.ButifhumansaretopopulateMarswiththeirknowledge,
dreams and good intentions, an uninvited guest may come along; crimes. It has
beenassertedthatcriminalactivityonMarssettlementsispracticallyimpossiblein
reason of the status of astronauts.1 The idea that persons of such pedigree would
beimpermeabletoviolencebecauseoftheirintrinsicrespectfordisciplineandthe
1ChristopherJ.Newman,‘Exploringtheproblemsofcriminaljusticeinspace’(2016)2(8)ROOM.
B
L.Hallet( )
UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
A.Froehlich(ed.),AssessingaMarsAgreementIncludingHumanSettlements,Studies
inSpacePolicy30,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65013-1_1