Asphalt Pavements: A practical guide to design, production and maintenance for engineers and architects

463 Pages·2003·37.06 MB·English

by  Patrick Lavin

Asphalt Pavements

Asphalt Pavements
A practical guide to design,
production, and maintenance
for engineers and architects
Patrick G. Lavin
First published 2003
by Spon Press
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Spon Press
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2003 Patrick Lavin
The right of Patrick Lavin to be identified as the author of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-45329-8 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-76153-7 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0–415–24733–0 (Print Edition)
Contents
List of plates vi
List of figures x
List of tables xii
Acknowledgments xvi
Introduction xvii
1 Binders 1
2 Aggregates 37
3 Traffic and environment 56
4 Pavement structural design 75
5 Mixture design 115
6 Construction 191
7 Specialty asphalt mixtures 262
8 Pavement distresses 295
9 Pavement maintenance 331
10 Estimating and specifying asphalt pavements 402
11 Draft parking lot specification 412
12 Draft residential street specification 420
Appendix A 427
Appendix B 429
Appendix C 430
Appendix D 431
Appendix E 432
Bibliography 434
Index 441
Plates
1.1 Coastal freighter delivering asphalt cement 6
1.2 Single tank asphalt terminal 7
1.3 Multi-product asphalt terminal 8
1.4 Asphalt penetration test 22
1.5 Cannon–Manning capillary tube viscometer 24
1.6 Rolling thin film oven 25
1.7 Dynamic shear rheometer 29
1.8 Bending beam rheometer 32
2.1 Limestone quarry 37
2.2 RAP stockpile 53
2.3 Large RAP stockpile 54
3.1 Parking lot with shopping cart corrals 58
3.2 Common approach driveway 67
3.3 Refuse container pad 68
4.1 Wearing course over base or binder course 77
4.2 Compacted thickness 79
4.3 Roadway shoulder 111
4.4 Portland cement concrete refuse container pad 112
4.5 Portland cement concrete service alley with an
asphalt pavement parking lot 113
4.6 Asphalt pavement used for a service alley 114
5.1 Marshall compaction hammer 143
5.2 Marshall specimen molds 144
5.3 Mechanical Marshall compaction hammer 145
5.4 Marshall testing machine and Marshall testing head 146
5.5 Loose mixture for Rice specific gravity 149
5.6 Mechanical mixer 150
5.7 Large bulk mixer 151
5.8 Specimen mold prior to compaction 152
5.9 Marshall water bath 153
5.10 Marshall testing head 154
5.11 SuperPave gyratory compactor 169
5.12 SGC mold 170
5.13 SGC gyratory jig 170
5.14 100mm and 150mm SGC molds 171
Plates vii
5.15 Indirect tensile strength breaking head 183
5.16 Indirect tensile strength being determined
by Marshall testing machine 184
5.17 Loaded wheel tester (Japan) 188
6.1 High production HMA mixing plant 191
6.2 Small stationary batch plant 193
6.3 Batch tower 194
6.4 Multiple bin cold feed system 195
6.5 HMA storage silo 195
6.6 Multiple storage silos at a drum mix plant 196
6.7 Large surge bin 196
6.8 RAP feed bin 199
6.9 Knockout box primary dust collector 200
6.10 Large cold feed system for a drum mix plant 201
6.11 Vertical asphalt storage tanks at a batch plant 207
6.12 Drum mix asphalt storage tanks 208
6.13 RAP conveyor on a drum mix plant 208
6.14 Non-articulated dump truck 212
6.15 Discharging into paver 213
6.16 Small material transfer vehicle 213
6.17 Separate batches in truck 214
6.18 Vibratory roller 218
6.19 Cold milling machine 221
6.20 Milling drum 222
6.21 Location of milling drum 222
6.22 Power broom 223
6.23 Modern asphalt paver 224
6.24 Rubber tire paver 225
6.25 Track paver 225
6.26 Screed 226
6.27 Push rollers 227
6.28 Small paver with hopper wings folded 228
6.29 Slat conveyers and control gates 228
6.30 Screed and screed auger 229
6.31 Paving process 232
6.32 Hopper wings folded 235
6.33 Floating screed, capable of variable widths and crowns 237
6.34 Small steel wheel roller 242
6.35 Tandem static steel wheel roller 243
6.36 Rubber tire roller 244
6.37 Tire configuration 244
6.38 Roller skirts 245
6.39 Vibratory roller 246
6.40 Combination roller 248
6.41 Combination roller approaching paver 250
7.1 Open negative texture 263
7.2 Porous asphalt texture 269
viii Plates
7.3 Porous asphalt wearing course with “daylighted” edges. Also note
the rumble strip that is pressed into the shoulder 271
7.4 Daylighted edges 272
7.5 Porous asphalt next to curb 276
7.6 Transition between porous asphalt and a dense graded wearing course 277
7.7 RAP stockpile at a HMA mixing plant 285
8.1 Raveling 297
8.2 Oil spillage in a parking stall 298
8.3 Birdbath 299
8.4 Moderate oil spillage damage 299
8.5 High severity raveling 300
8.6 Raveling due to stripping 300
8.7 Wheelpath raveling and alligator cracking 301
8.8 Moderate flushing 302
8.9 Low severity rutting 304
8.10 Medium severity rutting 305
8.11 Distortion caused by a tree root 306
8.12 Distortion caused by a refuse truck 307
8.13 Pothole 307
8.14 Transverse crack 308
8.15 Longitudinal cracking 311
8.16 Longitudinal crack at construction joint 312
8.17 Water induced longitudinal crack 313
8.18 Utility cut patch 314
8.19 Edge failure 315
8.20 Reflective crack 316
8.21 Spalled transverse crack 318
8.22 Block crack 318
8.23 Alligator cracking 320
8.24 Subgrade failure 320
8.25 Alligator cracking beginning to form a pothole 322
8.26 Medium to severe alligator cracking 323
8.27 Severe alligator cracking 323
8.28 Pothole 324
8.29 Water induced pothole 325
8.30 Rupture and pothole 325
8.31 Transverse crack and pothole 326
9.1 Pavement distress patch 343
9.2 Utility cut patch 343
9.3 Vibrating plate compactors 344
9.4 Pothole hazard 346
9.5 Utility cut patching 349
9.6 Patch excavation 350
9.7 Tack coat application 350
9.8 Dumping the mixture 351
9.9 Spreading the mixture 351
9.10 Vibrating plate compactor 352
Plates ix
9.11 Small roller 352
9.12 Tamping foot compactor 353
9.13 Sideview of a distributor truck 357
9.14 The back of a distributor truck 357
9.15 Distributor spray bar 359
9.16 Spray nozzles 359
9.17 Tank thermometer 360
9.18 Parking stalls 362
9.19 Contrast of pavement markings and a sealcoat 363
9.20 Dark black color 363
9.21 Sealcoat squeegee 369
9.22 Sealcoat blocked off 370
9.23 Deep black pavement sealer 371
9.24 Sealcoat on top of a crack 372
9.25 Chip seal or surface dressing 373
9.26 Chip seal texture 374
9.27 Power broom 383
9.28 Asphalt distributor 384
9.29 Aggregate spreader 385
9.30 Aggregate distribution gates 386
9.31 Pneumatic roller used for chip seals 387