Aspects of the Syntax of the Dialect of Abha (south-west Saudi Arabia)

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Aspects of the syntax of the dialect of Abha (south west
Saudi Arabia).
Al-Azraqi, Munira Ali
How to cite:
Al-Azraqi, Munira Ali (1998) Aspects of the syntax of the dialect of Abha (south west Saudi Arabia).,
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2
Aspects of the Syntax of the Dialect of Abha (south-west Saudi
Arabia)
Submitted by:
Munira Ali Al-Azraqi, BA, MA
(In fulfilment for the requirement of the degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy)
University of Durham
CMEIS
The copyright of this thesis rests
with the author. No quotation
from it should be published
without the written consent of the
author and information derived
from it should be acknowledged.
3 0 SEP '998
1998
To my mother, whose love and spirit have remained with me and
helped me to complete this work.
Acknowledgements
It is difficult to find the words to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Dr.
Janet Watson and Dr. James Dickins, for their illuminating advice and continuous
encouragement until this work became possible.
I gratefully acknowledge the attention and cooperation of the governor of
"Asi:r, HRH Prince Xa:lid al-FaiSal; his Deputy, Mr. MuHammad bin Zaid; Dr.
'Isma:!i:l al-Bishri: in the University of Imam Muhammad bin Saud in Abha; the Saudi
Cultural Attache in London; and King FaiSal University in Hofuf.
I am indepted to the following persons in Abha for their valued discussions and
information: the former President of Abha Cultural Club, Mr. AHmad MuTa:!in; the
former Deputy of Emirate of!Asi:r, Mr. Ibra:hi:m !A:mir; and Mr. Ha:shim an-Ni!mi:.
I also wish to express my appreciation to my family in Abha for their
encouragement and help in collecting the data: my father, all my brothers particularly
MuHammad whose efforts were great help, my sisters and my cousins. I am also
grateful to my informants and all the participants in my field work.
Special thanks to my husband, Abdullah, for his support and understanding.
The material contained in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree in
this or any other university.
The copy right of this thesis rests with the auther. No quotation from it should be
published without their prior written concent and information derived from it should
acknowledged.
Abstract
The present study deals with the syntax of the Arabic dialect of Abha in south-west of
Saudi Arabia It is a synchronic study which deals with the everyday usage of the dialect.
Diachronic changes are sometimes indicated where relevant. The phonology and morphology
of the dialect are discussed in brief where necessary. This dialect has many distinctive features
some of which do not occur in other dialects. The dialect is going through remarkable change
due to people's tendency to change affected by the spread of education, mass media and
communication. Thus the study has been conducted to examine some syntactic features of the
dialect and record them before the dialect loses those features, and to make this dialect
accessible for further research in sociolinguistic or diachronic studies.
This study comes in two parts. The first part deals with the classification of the main
parts of speech and their function in context. This part comprises four chapters: the first
chapter deals with the noun and its sub-classes; the second chapter deals with the verb and its
relation with the pronouns; the third chapter deals with particles and their functions in the
sentence; the fourth chapter deals with functionals and their functions in the sentence. The
second part examines the relationships between parts of speech. This part also comprises
four chapters which deal respectively with: predication, annexation, complementation and
attnbution.
I
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
11
1.1. The study 11
1.2. The dialect 11
1.3. The purpose of this study 12
1.4. The city of Abha 12
1.4.1. Geographical location 12
1.4.2. Historical and sociological background 13
1.5. The effect of change on the dialect of Abha 15
1.5.1. Education in Abha 15
1.5.2. The mass media 17
1.6. Dialects and languages 17
1.6.1. Dialectology 18
1.6.1.1. Dialectology in Arabic 21
1.6.2. The historical Background of Arabic 21
1.6.2.1. The origin of classical Arabic and
its relation to spoken dialects 21
1.6.2.2. The problem of duality 24
1.6.3. Contemporary Arabic 26
1.6.4. Present studies of dialects in Saudi Arabia 29
1.7. The method of data collection 30
1.S. Transcription 32
1.9. The organisation of the study 35
Part one: Parts of speech 36
Chapter Two: The noun 40
2.1. Substantives 40
2.1.1.Proper Nouns 40
2.1.2.Common nouns 41
2.1.2.1. Concrete nouns 41
2.1.2.2. Abstract Nouns 42
2.1.3. Morphological Categories 43
2.1.3.1. Gender 43
2.1.3.2. Number 45
2.1.3.3. Possession 54
2.1.4. Syntactic function 54
2.2. Verbal nouns and verbal derivatives 56
2.2.1. Verbal nouns 57
2.2.2. Verbal derivatives 59
2.2.2.1. Morphological categories 59
2.2.2.1.a. The active participle 59
2.2.2.1.b. The passive participle 62
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2.2.2.1.c. The adjectival 63
2.2.2.2. Syntactic function 64
2.2.2.2.a. The active participle 64
2.2.2.2.b. The passive participle 65
2.2.2.2.c. The adjectival 66
2.2.2.3. The relationship between verbal
derivatives and their govemees 67
2.3. More distinctive features of nouns 71
2.3.1. at-tanwi:n 71
2.3.2. Definiteness 77
2.4. Conclusion 78
Chapter Three: The verb 79
3.1. The morphological features of the verb 79
3.1.1. The strong verbs 79
3.1.2. The weak verbs 82
3.2. Syntactic categories 83
3.2.1. The transitivity of the verb 84
3.2.2. The aspect of the verb 85
3.2.3. The voice of the verb 86
3.3. Syntactic function 88
3.3.1. Governing theory naDariyyat al-fa:mil 88
3.3.2. The agreement between the verb and the subject 89
3.3.3. The verb and bound subject pronouns 93
3.3.3.1. The first case 93
3.3.3.2. The second case 94
3.3.3.3. The third case 96
3.4. Conclusion 97
Chapter Four: Particles 99
4.1. The particle gid 99
4.1.1. gid in verbal sentences 100
4.1.2. gid in nominal sentences 101
4.1.3. gid and the pronouns 102
4.2. The particles ha:l, 'a:l, 'a:y, and a: 103
4.3. The particles fl: hand ba:lbah 104
4.4. The particle ha: h 104
4.5. Conjunction 107
4.5.1. Coordinators 107
4.5.1.1. w/wal wu and law/walla: 108
4.5.1.2. 'amma:. .. 'awlwalla: 109
4.5.1.3./1 fal fghe:r 109
4.5.1.4. ba fde:n 110
4.5.1.5. hem! hum 111
4.5.1.6. hal haw 112
4.5.1. 7. bass and la:kin 113
4.5.2. Subordinators 114
4.5.2.1. Time 114
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4.S.2.1.a. 'awwalma: 114
4.S.2.1.h. gablma: liS
4.S.2.1.c. ba f'dma: lIS
4.S.2.1.d. sa: f'aV sa: !atma: , wagV wagtma:,
Hauat/Hazza/ma:, andyo:m lIS
4.S.2.1.e. minyo:mlminyo:ma: 116
4.S.2.1.f. le:lle: nlile:lile: n 117
4.S.2.2. Place 117
4.S.2.2.a. maka:nma: and maNa/ma: 117
4.S.2.3. Manner 118
4.S.2.3.a. mitflma: and zayma: 118
4.S.2.3.h. fala:ma: 118
4.S.2.4. Concession 119
4.S.2.4.a. ma f'a: inn, bi"aghem min inn,
and mara da:lik 119
4.S.2.4.h.fu:g inn!f u:g de:h, and minswa: inn 120
4.S.2.4.c. bass, la:kin, ghe:r inn, and illann 120
4.S.2.S. Cause and Reason 121
4.S.2.S.a. falasha:n! falasha:nin and f'ala:Si:r 121
4.S.2.S.h. bsabab, bsiblbsibbat,
f'ala:sib/ ralasibbat, and fi:siblji:sibbat 122
4.S.2.5.c. lann and linnlli' ann 122
4.5.2.5.d. Hatta 122
4.5.2.6. Conditional Particles 123
4.5.2.6.a. id.a: 124
4.5.2.6.h. inn 126
4.S.2.6.c. law 127
4.5.2.6.d. lo:nza: and lo:la: 128
4.5.2.6.e.lama:, la:/ Ie, mata:/ matama: and
e: nma:lfe: nma:. 129
4.6. Prepositions 130
4.6.1. The governor of the preposition 134
4.7. Response particles 137
4.7.1. nafam, ha:h, labbe:h, and 'aywah 138
4.7.2. i:wah and i: h 138
4.7.3. tamm and Tayyib 139
4.7.4. 'ilia: 139
4.7.5. fa: 139
4.8. Negative Particles 140
4.8.1. ma: 140
4.8.2. la: 140
4.8.3. lim 141
4.8.4. lis 141
4.9. The articles 144
4.9.1. iM 144
4.9.2. ;m 14S
4.10. The vocative particles 146
4.11. Conclusion 146
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