Table Of Content

American Society of Plumbing Engineers ASPE Book Data A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications Volume 2 Plumbing Systems American Society of Plumbing Engineers 8614 W. Catalpa Ave., Suite 1007 Chicago, IL 60656 The ASPE Data Book is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design and specification of plumbing systems. The publisher makes no guarantees or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the data and information contained in this publication. All data and information are provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged. American Society of Plumbing Engineers 8614 W. Catalpa Ave., Suite 1007 Chicago, IL 60656 (773) 693-2773 u I" E-mail: [email protected] Internet: w'ww.aspc.org Copyright 0 2000 by American Society of Plumbing Engineers All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the publisher. ISBN 1-891255-12-6 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b l e of Contents ............................ CHAPTER 1 Sanitary Drainage Systems 1 Introduction ...................................................... 1 Flow in Stacks. Building Drains. and Fixture Drains ........................ 1 Flow in Stacks ................................................. 1 Flow in Building Drains .......................................... 2 Flow in Fixture Drains ........................................... 2 Pneumatic Pressures in a Sanitary Drainage System ........................ 2 Fixture Discharge Characteristics ...................................... 3 DrainageLoads .................................................... 3 Stackcapacities ................................................... 3 Capacities of Sloping Drains .......................................... 5 Steady. Uniform Flow Conditions in Sloping Drains ...................... 6 Hazen and Williams Formula .................................... 7 Darcy-Weisbach Formula ...................................... 7 Manning Formula ............................................ 7 Slope of Horizontal Drainage Piping .................................. 7 Load or Drainage Piping .......................................... 7 Components of Sanitary Drainage Systems ............................... 9 Sumps and Ejectors ............................................. 9 Cleanouts ..................................................... 9 Floor Drains and Floor Sinks ..................................... 10 Grates/Strainers ............................................... 10 Flashing Ring ................................................. 12 SedimentBucket ............................................... 12 ................................................... Accessories 12 Backwater Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Oil Interceptors ................................................ 12 Grease Interceptors ............................................. 13 Trapprimers .................................................. 13 supports ..................................................... 14 ....................................................... Materials 14 Noise Transmission ............................................. 15 Building Sewer Installation .......................................... 15 ...................................................... Sanitation 16 KitchenAreas .................................................... 16 Waterproofing .................................................... 17 Floor Leveling .................................................... 17 viii ASPE Data Book .Vo lume 2 JoiningMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ThermalExpansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Protection from Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Sovent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ................................. CHAPTER2 Gray-Watersystems 21 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Codesandstandards .............................................. 22 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 System Components ............................................ 23 Design Criteria for Gray-Water Supply and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 3 Design Estimates for Commercial Buildings .......................... 25 Gray-Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Gray-Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Design Estimates for Residential Buildings ........................... 25 Design Estimates for Irrigation Systems ............................. 26 Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Economic Analysis - An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -32 Public Concerns/Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 .................................. CHAPTER 3 Vents and Venting 35 Section I - Vents and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Purposes of Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Vent Stack Terminal ............................................ 35 Traps and Trap Seals ........................................... 36 Factors Affecting Trap Seal Loss ................................... 36 Sudsventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Fixturevents ................................................. 37 Venting as a Means of Reducing Trap Seal Losses from Induced Siphonage . . .3 9 Design of Vents to Control Induced Siphonage ........................ 40 Drainage Fixture Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Vent Sizes and Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Endventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 CommonVent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Stackventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Wetventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Circuit and Loop Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Reliefvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Table of Contents ix Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 VentHeaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Combination Waste and Vent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Section I1 - Several Venting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Philadelphia System ............................................ 46 Soventsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Stackventing ................................................ -47 Wetventing .................................................. 49 Reduced-Size Venting ........................................... 49 Section I11 - Sizing of Several Venting Systems .......................... 50 Reduced-Size Venting Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 General Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Sizing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Sovent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Aerator Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Deaerator Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Sizing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ............................. CHAPTER 4 Storm-Drainage Systems 67 General Design Considerations for Buildings and Sites ..................... 67 Materials ....................................................... 68 Part One: Building Drainage System Design ............................. 68 Design Criteria ................................................ 68 Pipe Sizing and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Rainfall Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Rainfall Rate Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Secondary Drainage Systems ................................... 70 Roof Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Coordination ............................................... 79 Drain Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Roof Drain Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Piping Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Locating Vertical Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Horizontal Pipe Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Controlled-Flow Storm Drainage System .......................... 88 Part Two: Site Drainage System Design ................................. 95 General Design Considerations .................................... 95 X ASPE Data Book .Vo lume 2 SiteDrainage ................................................. 95 The Rational Method of System Design .............................. 95 Exterior Piping and Inlets ........................................ 98 Subsurface Drainage ............................................ 99 Source of Subsurface Water ................................... 99 SiteInvestigation ........................................... 100 Drainage Pipe .............................................. 102 Trenching ................................................ 102 Selecting Pipe Diameter ...................................... 104 Disposal of Ground Water .................................... 105 Storm-Water Detention ......................................... 105 StandardEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Form 4- 1 Storm-Drainage Calculations for Roof Drains and Vertical Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Form 4-2 Storm-Drainage System Sizing Sheet ...................... 110 Form 4-3 Storm-Water Drainage Worksheet 1 ....................... 111 Form 4-3 Storm-Water Drainage Worksheet 2 ....................... 112 Form 4-3 Storm-Water Drainage Worksheet 3 ....................... 113 References ..................................................... 114 ................................ CHAPTER 5 Cold-Water Systems 115 Introduction .................................................... 115 Domestic Cold-Water Meters ........................................ 115 MeterTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Sizing the Water Meter ......................................... 116 Sizing the Water Line ............................................. 116 Hazen-Williams Formula ........................................ 116 Factors Affecting Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 VelocityMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 WaterHammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 ShockIntensity ............................................... 132 System Protection and Control ................................... 132 Airchambers ............................................. 132 Water Hammer Arresters ..................................... 143 BackflowPrevention .............................................. 144 Types of Cross-Connection Control Device ........................... 144 Assessment of Hazard .......................................... 145 Premise Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Table of Contents xi Installation Requirements ....................................... 148 Inadequate Water Pressure ......................................... 149 Hydropneumatic-Tank System ................................... 150 Gravity-Tank System .......................................... 150 Booster-Pump System .......................................... 152 Excess Water Pressure ............................................ 152 Pressure-Regulating Valves ...................................... 152 Definitions ............................................... 152 Types of Pressure-Regulating Valve ............................. 152 Sizing, Selection. and Installation .............................. 153 Testing. Cleaning. and Disinfection of Domestic. Water-Supply Systems . . . . . . .1 54 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Cleaning and Disinfecting ....................................... 154 References ..................................................... 155 ...................... CHAPTER 6 Domestic Water-Heating Systems 157 Introduction .................................................... 157 Basic Formulae and Units ......................................... 158 Heat Recovery - Electric Water Heaters ............................... 158 Hot-Water Temperature ........................................... 159 Mixed-Water Temperature ......................................... 159 Water Heaters .................................................. 160 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Stratification ................................................. 160 Hot-Water Temperature Maintenance ................................. 165 Hot-Water Circulation Systems ................................... 165 Self-Regulating Heat-Trace Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Sizing Pressure and Temperature-Relief Valves ....................... 167 Temperature Relief Valves .................................... 167 Pressure Relief Valves ....................................... 167 ThermalExpansion .............................................. 167 Thermal Efficiency ............................................... 169 Safety and Health Concerns ........................................ 169 Legionella Pneumophila (Legionnaires’ Disease) ....................... 169 Scalding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Codesandstandards ............................................. 170 References ..................................................... 170 xii ASPE Data Book .Vo lume 2 ............................ CHAPTER 7 Fuel-Gas Piping Systems 173 Low and Medium-Pressure Natural Gas Systems ........................ 173 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Laboratory Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Gas Train Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Appliances .................................................. 177 Gas Boosters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Gas Boosters for Natural or Liquefied Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 78 Materials of Construction .................................... 179 GasLaws ................................................ 179 Design Considerations ....................................... 180 Sizing a Gas Booster ........................................ 182 Pipesizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Liguefied Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Pipe ..................................................... 196 Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Plastic Pipe and Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 PipeJoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 TubingJoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Flexible Gas Hose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Indoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Outdoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 LeakTest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 ..................................................... AppendixA 197 Appendix B - Values of Fuel Gas .................................... 212 Glossary ....................................................... 213 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 ...................... CHAPTER 8 Private Sewage-Disposal Systems 217 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Primary Collection and Treatment Systems ............................. 217 Soil-Absorption Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Guide for Estimating Soil Absorption Potential ....................... 217 SoilMaps ................................................ 218 Clues to Absorption Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Procedure for Percolation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Soil-Absorption System Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Leaching Trenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Table of Contents xiii Construction Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Serial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 SeepageBeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Construction Considerations .................................. 225 Seepagepits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Construction Considerations .................................. 225 Moundsystems .............................................. 226 Collection and Treatment Alternatives ................................. 226 Alternatives to Gravity Collection and Distribution .................... 226 Alternatives to Conventional Primary-and-Secondary Treatment . . . . . . . . . .2 27 SepticTanks .................................................... 227 Functions of the Septic Tank ..................................... 227 Biological Treatment ........................................ 227 SolidsRemoval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Septic Tank Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Invert 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outlet 228 TankProportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Storage above Liquid Level ................................... 228 Use of Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 General Information on Septic Tanks .............................. 229 Cleaning ................................................. 229 Grease Interceptors ......................................... 230 Chemicals ................................................ 230 Miscellaneous ............................................. 231 Distribution Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems for Institutions and Recreational and Other Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Water Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 SpecialFixtures .............................................. 232 Alternative Systems ........................................... 232 Special Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Individual Aerobic Waste-Water Treatment Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Estimating Sewage Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 .............................. CHAPTER 9 Private Water Systems 239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction 239 Sources of Supply ............................................. 239 xiv ASPE Data Book .Vol ume 2 Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 DugWells ................................................... 240 Bored Wells .................................................. 241 DrivenWells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Jetted Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Hydraulics of Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Protection of Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 WaterDemand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 WaterQuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Scale and Corrosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Taste and Odor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Prophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 WellPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 StorageTanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Suction Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Pressure Regulators ........................................... 248 SupplyPiping ................................................ 249 Pipe Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Thrust Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 DepthofBury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Initial Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 ................................. CHAPTER 10 Vacuum Systems 253 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Units of Measurement and Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Standard Reference Points and Conversions ...................... 254 Flow-Rate Measurement ..................................... 255 Converting scfm to acfm ..................................... 256 General Vacuum Criteria .......................................... 257 Adjusting Vacuum-Pump Rating for Altitude ......................... 257 Time for Pump to Reach Rated Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Adjusting Pressure Drop for Different Vacuum Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

ASPE Data Book - A Plumbing Engineer's Guide to System Design and Specifications, Volume 2 - Plumbing Systems PDF

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