Table Of ContentKevin L. Spawn
"As It Is Written" and Other Citation
Formulae in the Old Testament
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die
alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
Herausgegeben von
Otto Kaiser
Band 311
W
DE
G
Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York
2002
Kevin L. Spawn
"As It Is Written" and Other Citation
Formulae in the Old Testament
Their Use, Development, Syntax, and Significance
w
DE
_G
Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York
2002
® Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI
to ensure permanence and durability.
Library of Congress Catalogng-in-Publication-Data
Spawn, Kevin L.:
"As it is written" and other citation formulae in the Old Testament :
their use, development, syntax, and significance / Kevin L. Spawn. —
Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter, 2001
(Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamendiche Wissenschaft ;
Bd. 311)
Zugl.: Oxford, Univ., Diss., 1998
ISBN 3-11-017161-9
© Copyright 2001 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin
All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permis-
sion in writing from the publisher..
Printed in Germany
Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin
Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., Güttingen
Preface
This monograph is a slight revision of my doctoral thesis defended in
the University of Oxford in December 1998. It is a delight to record my
gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Prof. H. G. M. Williamson, whose
incisiveness, command of scholarship, and gentlemanly bearing not
only guided me during this research project, but also served as a model
for scholarship. I must also record his support of my applications for
lectureships in Biblical Hebrew at the Oriental Institute, University of
Oxford (Hilary Terms 1997 & 1998), and at The Oxford Centre for
Hebrew & Jewish Studies (1996-98). Aside from other obvious
advantages, these opportunities were key to meeting my commitments
during the writing of this thesis.
Other monies were awarded to me by various agencies. I am
indebted to the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals of the
Universities of the United Kingdom for the Overseas Research Award
Scheme (1995-97). I also wish to thank the managers of the Pusey and
Ellerton Fund at the Oriental Institute for their gracious support. In
1996, another body of trustees at the Institute granted me the Segal
Award, which again greatly eased my burden. A grant awarded by the
Tyndale House Committee enabled me to take advantage of the superb
facilities in Cambridge during the spring of 1997. I also want to
express my gratitude to Drs. R. Ivy and D. Cook for the opportunity to
teach a course in Old Testament Theology for the Randolph-Macon
Woman's College at the University of Reading (1996).
For their careful work, I am indebted to my examiners (Prof. J.
Barton, Dr. P. Joyce, and Dr. G. Khan). I wish to thank Prof. O.
Kaiser for the invitation to submit my manuscript to BZAW. My thanks
to Klaus Otterburig (de Gruyter) for his guidance in seeing this
manuscript into print.
My dear wife, Nyla, has been unflagging in her support of me and
my work throughout the majority of my education. Her dedication
takes many forms and has frequently included her personal sacrifice.
Without her selflessness, belief in me, and wit, this monograph, as well
as the research behind it, would never have been completed.
Table of Contents
Preface ν
Table of Contents vii
Abbreviations xiii
Chapter 1: The Present State of the Analysis of Citation Formulae in
the Old Testament and a Way Forward 1
I. Introduction 1
II. The Lack of Consensus and Method in Scholarship 2
III. The Significance of the Proper Reading of Citation Formulae ... 12
IV. The Development of a Method 14
V. Conclusion 20
Chapter 2: Citation Bases with 2ΊΓΟ 21
I. Introduction 21
II. SinS Citation Bases with Non-Legal Referents 22
A. The Regnal Source Formulae 22
1. A Categorisation of the Evidence 22
2. An Analysis of the Elements of the Regnal Source
Formulae 26
a. The First Element 26
i. The Terms Used in the First Element 26
ii. The Syntax and Semantic Nature of the Nominal
Phrases of the First Element 30
b. The Second Element 32
c. The Third Element 34
3. The Relation Between the First Three Elements of the
Four-Part Citation Formulae 34
viii Table of Contents
4. The Chr's Alteration of Certain Regnal Source Formulae 40
Β. Other Citation Bases with Non-Legal Referents 49
1. Introduction 49
2. Laments 49
3. "The Book of the Just" 52
4. Genealogies 65
5. The Book of Prophecies 66
6. Official Correspondence 68
7. Court Annals 69
C. Conclusions regarding the Use of 21ΓΟ with Non-Legal
Referents 70
III. SUIS Citation Bases with Legal Referents 71
A. Relative Citation Bases with SIDS 71
τ
1. Relative Participles 71
2. 21ΓΟ in Relative Clauses 77
τ
Β. Comparative Constructions with D1DS 78
1. SIDS in a Complex Comparative Sentence 78
2. Sir© in Prepositional Phrases Introduced with 2 79
a. Jenni's Recent Summary of the Syntax of
Comparative Statements 79
b. An Overview of the Types of Syntactic Relations of
3TDD 82
τ ~
c. An Expanded Analysis of the Types of Syntactic
Relations of DinDS 88
τ -
C. 3ΊΓΟ VlCin Citation Bases with Legal Referents 119
IV. Conclusions regarding the Use of DITD in Citation Bases with
Non-Legal and Legal Referents 121
Chapter 3: Citation Bases with V¡T)2Í and PlTSQ 124
I. Relative Citation Bases with VPH2Î 124
A. The Forms of the Independent Relative Citation Base with
Vrm 124
1. The Participial Form 125
Table of Contents ix
2. The Form ViTÖ Ί0Κ with a Finite Verb 126
Β. The Forms of the Independent Citation Base Construed
with Other Terms 137
1. The Participial Form 137
a. The Independent Citation Bases with ^D 137
b. The Independent Citation Base with ΠΝ 139
2. The Finite Verb Form 139
a. The Independent Citation Base with a Negative
Particle 140
b. The Independent Citation Base with 140
c. The Independent Citation Base with Γ1Χ 141
d. The Independent Citation Base with Pro-Form
Vnfei? 142
3. Conclusions 142
C. Compound Citation Bases 142
1. The Most Common Compound Citation Base 142
2. Other Compound Citation Bases 148
D. Rubric - "A Distinct Literary Convention" 148
1. The Independent Rubric 149
2. Compound Rubrics 150
E. Vmü "IttfN! Functioning as a Comparative Clause 151
F. Conclusions 152
Excursus: Genre 152
II. Comparative Citation Bases with VmS and n^Q 153
A. Introduction 153
B. Comparative Clauses with Vn"l2l 153
1. The Independent Form of ViTÛÎ "IEÑO 154
a. Citation Bases that Qualify One Clause 154
b. Citation Bases that Qualify More Than One Clause 161
i. Citation Bases that Qualify Two Clauses ....161
ii. Citation Bases that Qualify Three Clauses .... 164
iii. Citation Bases that Qualify Four Clauses ....164
iv. Citation Bases that Qualify Five Clauses ....165
v. Citation Bases that Qualify a "Paragraph" .... 166
2. Vrmnrôo Used with Broadening Terms 169
χ Table of Contents
a. VÎTIS and bb 169
b. VmS ΊφΟ and the Impersonal VnTl 172
c. Pro-Forms with "1BÑO Citation Bases 173
i. Pro-Form Vnfo» 173
a) The Independent Form of ViTlS
with Pro-Form Vnttfi? 173
b) Pro-Form VnfoD with ^ 174
c) Conclusions 176
ii. Pro-Form V]3 176
a) The Independent Form of
with Pro-Form Vp 176
b) Pro-Form V|? with 179
iii. Other "Pro-Forms" 180
d. Non-Recurring Forms 180
3. Compound Citation Bases 181
4. Conclusions regarding the Comparative Citation Bases
Introduced with 11ÑO 184
C. Vergleichspräpositionalen with ΓΠ2Ρ 185
1. Introduction 185
2. The Deuteronomistic Literature 186
3. The Post-Exilic Historiography 189
a. The Citation of the with ΓΠΪΙ?3 189
b. The Citation of Legal and Cultic Authorities with
mans 192
τ : · î
III. Conclusions 194
Chapter 4: Citation Bases with VtûSK? and BSÜQ 196
I. VtOStf and tDSttfO in Relative Citation Bases 196
τ Î ·
II. VûSB? and tOSttfQ in Comparative Citation Bases 196
A. VííStff and BSttfQ in a Comparative Clause 197
B. ttSEftp m Vergleichspräpositionalen 197
1. Non-Legal Referents 197
