Table Of ContentARTIFICIAL REEFS IN EUROPEAN SEAS
Artificial Reefs in
European Seas
Edited by:
A. C. JENSEN
K. J. COLLINS
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD
School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton
Oceanography Centre, Southampton, S014 3ZH, United Kingdom
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available.
ISBN 978-0-7923-6144-2 ISBN 978-94-011-4215-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4215-1
Printed an acid-free paper
AlI Rights Reserved
© 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Acknowledgements viii
Introduction and Background to ~ificial Reefs in European Seas'
Antony Jensen, Ken Collins and Peter Lockwood ix
Chapter 1
Artificial Reefs off the Mediterranean Coast of Israel
Ehud Spanier 1
Chapter 2
Turkey: A New Region for Artificial Habitats
Altan Lok and Adnan Toka~ 21
Chapter 3
Artificial Reefs in the Adriatic Sea
Giovanni Bombace, Gianna Fabi and Loris Fiorentini 31
Chapter 4
Artificial Reefs in Sicily: An Overview
Silvano Riggio, Fabio Badalamenti and Giovanni D'Anna 65
Chapter 5
Artificial Reefs in the Gulf of Castellammare (North-West Sicily): A Case Study
Fabio Badalament~ Giovanni D'Anna and Silvano Riggio 75
Chapter 6
Artificial Reefs in North West Sicily: Comparisons and Conclusions
Giovanni D'Anna, Fabio Badalamenti and Silvano Riggio 97
Chapter 7
Prediction of Benthic and Fish Colonization on the Fregene and other
Mediterranean Artificial Reefs
Giandomenico Ardizzone, Alessandra Somaschini and Andrey Bel/uscio 113
Chapter 8
The Loano Artificial Reef
Giulio Relini 129
v
vi Contents
Chapter 9
Artificial Reefs in the Principality of Monaco: Protection and Enhancement
of Coastal Zones
Denis Allemand, Eugene Debernardi and William Seaman, Jr 151
Chapter 10
Artificial Reefs in France: Analysis, Assessments and Prospects
Gilbert Barnabe, Eric Charbonnel, Jean-Yves Marinaro, Denis Odyand
Patrice Francour 167
Chapter 11
Artificial Reefs in Spain: The Regulatory Framework
Silvia Revenga, Fransisco Fernandez, Jose Luis Gonzalez and
Eladio Santaella 185
Chapter 12
Artificial Anti-trawling Reefs off Alicante, South-Eastern Iberian Peninsula:
Evolution of Reef Block and Set Designs
Alfonso A. Ramos-Esplti, Juan E. Guillen, Just T. Bayle and
Pablo Sanchez-Jerez 195
Chapter 13
Artificial Reef Programme in the Balearic Islands: Western Mediterranean Sea
Isabel Moreno 219
Chapter 14
Artificial Reefs of the Canary Islands
Ricardo Haroun and Rogelio Herrera 235
Chapter 15
Portuguese Artificial Reefs
Carlos Costa Monteiro and Miguel Neves Santos 249
Chapter 16
The Poole Bay Artificial Reef Project
Antony Jensen, Ken Collins and Philip Smith 263
Chapter 17
An Artificial Reef Experiment off the Dutch Coast
Rob Leewis and Frank Hallie 289
Chapter 18
Environmental Effects of Artificial Reefs in the Southern Baltic
(Pomeranian Bay)
Juliusz C. Chojnacki 307
Chapter 19
Employment of Artificial Reefs for Environmental Maintenance in the Gulf
of Finland
Alexander Antsulevich, Pasi Laihonen and Ilppo Vuorinen 319
Contents vii
Chapter 20
Rigs to Reefs in the North Sea
Gordon Picken, Mark Baine, Louise Heaps and Jonathan Side 331
Chapter 21
Coal Ash for Artificial Habitats in Italy
Giulio Relini 343
Chapter 22
Effects of Artificial Reef Design on Associated Fish Assemblages in the
Cote Bleue Marine Park
Eric Charbonnel, Patrice Francour, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Denis Ody
and Frederic Bachet 365
Chapter 23
The Potential Use of Artificial Reefs to Enhance Lobster Habitat
Antony Jensen, John Wickins and Colin Bannister 379
Chapter 24
Physical Protection of the Seabed and Coast by Artificial Reefs
Ben Hamer, John Gardner and Robert Runcie 403
Chapter 25
Shipwrecks on the Dutch Continental Shelf as Artificial Reefs
Rob Leewis, Godfried van Moorsel and Hans Waardenburg 419
Chapter 26
'Periphyton' Colonization: Principles, Criteria and Study Methods
Annalisa Falace and Guido Bressan
Chapter 27
Investing in Artificial Reefs
David Whitmarsh and Helen Pickering 435
Chapter 28
Legal Framework Governing Artificial Reefs in the European Union
Helen Pickering 451
Chapter 29
Current Issues Relating to Artificial Reefs in European Seas
Antony Jensen, Ken Collins and Peter Lockwood 469
Index 501
Colour Plates 1-24 may be found between pages 242 and 243.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge colleagues involved in the initiation and production
of the book. Bob Carling was the original commissioning editor for Chapman and
Hall who provided the initial impetus in developing the project. The authors (and
their close colleagues) of all the chapters worked hard to produce English language
manuscripts and were patient and helpful with our editing procedures. Silvano
Riggio provided the original artwork for the cover. Without the support of
colleagues at Southampton such as Emma Mattey (who helped with the project in
many ways from its inception), Jean Hart (who converted manuscripts to camera-
ready copy and helped with editing), Kate Davies (responsible for many of the final
figures and cover layout) and Phil Smith (proof reading and support) this book
would not have been finalised. Henny Hoogervorst has guided the final production
process for Kluwer.
Our sincere thanks to all. We could not have done it without you.
Antony Jensen
Ken Collins
Peter Lockwood
February 1999
viii
Introduction and Background to 'Artificial Reefs in
European Seas'
ANTONY JENSEN, KEN COLLINS and PETER LOCKWOOD
University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton S014 3ZH, UK
School of Ocean and Earth Science
It became apparent at the international artificial reef conference at Long Beach,
California in 1991 that little was known of European artificial reef research
outside Europe. The main cause for this lack of awareness seemed to be the
relatively small number of English-language papers coming from Europe; workers,
quite rightly, choose to publish mostly in their own languages. This effectively
isolated European literature from most American and Japanese workers who
comprise the numerical majority of active reef researchers. In addition European
artificial reef scientists were, in the early 1990s, operating in relative isolation from
each other: reef research was generally concentrated in the Mediterranean and
there was only limited exchange between some research project teams in Italy,
Monaco, France and Spain.
As a step towards ending this relative isolation, the European participants at the
Long Beach conference agreed that a European network of artificial reef scientists
should be formed. In 1994 this initiative was developed by one of the editors of
this book (AJ) into a successful proposal to the European Commission (EC) 4th
Framework AIR (Agriculture and agro-industry, including fishing) programme to
financially support the European Artificial Reef Research Network (EARRN) for
three years, commencing May 1995.
In preparing the bid to the EC for funding to support EARRN a questionnaire
had been widely circulated in 1993 throughout geographical Europe to identify
active reef scientists (Jensen, 1994). Those who replied from within the European
Union (EU) formed the initial members of EARRN (EC funding for a network
or 'concerted action' will only support activities of scientists within, the EU or
those formally associated with the framework programmes). More generally,
those who replied were considered to be potential contributors to a book aimed at
providing an English-language synopsis of artificial reef research activity in
European seas from its origins in Monaco during the 1960s (Bombace et ai., 1993)
to the present date. This book represents the fulfilment of that aim.
Most of the contributors are current members of EARRN. In 1995 EARRN
(EC contract AIR-CT94-2144) membership consisted of 51 scientists from 36
laboratories in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, UK, Netherlands, Finland and
Germany. The primary aims of EARRN were:
(1) To promote increased awareness of and collaboration between current
artificial reef programmes throughout Europe, both marine and freshwater.
(2) To reach a consensus of opinion on given issues.
ix
A. C. Jensen et al. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in European Seas, ix-xii
© 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
x A. Jensen et al.
(3) To promote awareness of current issues (socio-economic and management)
within the artificial reef scientific community, and encourage consideration
of these aspects in developing future research proposals.
(4) To initiate a bibliography of European publications on artificial reef research.
As EARRN developed its activities (a major conference in 1996 (Jensen, 1997a)
followed by four themed workshops (reef design and materials: Jensen, 1998a;
research protocols: Jensen, 1997b; management of coastal resources and fisheries
enhancement: Jensen 1997c; Socio-economic and legal aspects of artificial reefs:
Whitmarsh et al., 1997) associates were involved from Monaco, Poland, Romania,
Israel, Denmark, Norway and Turkey. All were active in artificial reef research
and contributed to the aims of the network, providing a summary of present
research (Jensen, 1997) and recommendations for the direction of future research
to the EC (Jensen, 1998b).
EARRN has (1999) entered a new phase and the network has expanded beyond
its originalSl members. A website provides a focus for information (http://www.
soc.soton.ac.uk/SUDO/RES/EARRN/contentsframe.htm) and an email discussion
list facilitates communication. The next challenge for members is to develop
Europe-wide research collaboration. At present there is little international
European collaboration in research, projects tend to be based on national
requirements. This is showing signs of change: workers in the Canary Islands
(Spain) will be involved with artificial reef deployment research taking place off
Madeira (Portugal) (R. Haroun, personal communication) over the next few
years, and proposals for reefs in Greece are looking to incorporate Italian reef
technology (c. Papaconstantinou, personal communication). Initiatives such as
this show the way ahead.
Currently, most artificial reefs in European seas are deployed for research or
contain a research component within the overall aims of the project. In Italy and
Spain reef development has gone beyond this stage with reefs based on previous
scientific experience being deployed for fisheries, mariculture and habitat
protection purposes. Portugal is soon to deploy a 40 km2 reef off the Algarve for
fisheries enhancement based on research findings (M. Neves dos Santos, personal
communication).
Members of EARRN, led by Professor Giulio Relini (University of Genoa,
Italy), have played a key role in organizing the 7th International Conference on
Artificial Reefs and related Aquatic Habitats (7th CARAH) in San Remo, Italy,
7-11 October 1999. This is the first time that this meeting has come to Europe, a
recognition of the emergence of European influence within the global scene of
artificial reef research.
Most European seas artificial reef programmes are represented in this book.
Contributions for this book have been written by colleagues from Turkey, Israel,
Italy, Monaco, France, Spain, Portugal, the UK, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland
and Russia. Interests in artificial reefs are very varied, ranging from the 'expected'
fishery enhancement through mariculture and ranching, nutrient removal and into
environmental and habitat protection and nature conservation. The environ-
mental factors vary as well. Artificial reefs have been placed in both oligotrophic
