Artificial Recharge of Groundwater

760 Pages·1985·19.41 MB·English

by  Takashi Asano (Eds.)

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
OF GROUNDWATER
Edited by
Takashi Asano
California State Water Resources
Control Board
Sacramento, California
and
Department of Civil Engineering
University of California
Davis, California
BUTTERWORTH PUBLISHERS
Boston • London
Sydney • Wellington • Durban • Toronto
Copyright © 1985 by Butterworth Publishers.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Artificial recharge of ground water.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Water, Underground—Artificial recharge.
I. Asano, Takashi.
TD404.A78 1985 627'.56 84-14296
ISBN 0-250-40549-0
Butterworth Publishers
80 Montvale Avenue
Stoneham, MA 02180
10 987654321
Printed in the United States of America
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
David G. Argo Environmental Sciences
Assistant Manager and University of California at Riverside
Chief Engineer
Orange County Water District Tom Cliett
Fountain Valley, California Geologist
El Paso Water Utilities
Takashi Asano El Paso, Texas
Water Reclamation Specialist
California State Water Resources Neil M. Cline
Control Board Secretary Manager
Sacramento, California Orange County Water District
and Fountain Valley, California
Adjunct Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Ronald W. Crites
University of California at Davis Engineering Manager
George S. Nolte and Associates
Rodger B. Baird Sacramento, California
Laboratory Supervisor
County Sanitation Districts of Los Ulrich Forstner
Angeles County Professor
Whittier, California Technical University
Hamburg-Harburg
Herman Bouwer 2100 Hamburg 90
Director Federal Republic of Germany
U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service Charles P. Gerba
U.S. Department of Agriculture Associate Professor
Phoenix, Arizona Departments of Microbiology and
Nutrition and Food Science
Jozef Cebula University of Arizona
Institute for Land Reclamation and Tucson, Arizona
Grassland Farming
53-333 Wroclaw, Poland Sagar M. Goyal
Assistant Professor
A.C. Chang Department of Veterinary Diagnostic
Professor of Agricultural Engineering Investigation
Department of Soil and College of Veterinary Medicine
ix
x ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER
University of Minnesota Edward S. Kempa
St. Paul, Minnesota Professor
Department of Sanitary Engineering
Gary L. Guymon Technical University of Wroclaw
50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Professor and Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
University of California at Irvine Daniel B. Knorr
Project Manager
Parkhill, Smith & Cooper, Inc.
Clinton W. Hall
El Paso, Texas
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Otto R. Kuntschik
Research Laboratory
Consulting Engineer
U.S. Environmental Protection
HauptstraGe 69
Agency
6095 Grinsheim-Gustavsburg 2
Ada, Oklahoma
Federal Republic of Germany
Otto Jennings Helweg
Perry L. McCarty
Associate Professor
Professor and Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
and
Stanford University
Associate Director
Stanford, California
Water Resources Center
University of California at Davis
Medy Michail
Water Quality, Wastewater and
T.V. Hromadka II
Environmental Engineering Division
Lecturer
Tahal-Water Planning for Israel Ltd.
Department of Civil Engineering
Tel-Aviv 64-364, Israel
University of California at Irvine
Hubert J. Morel-Seytoux
Emanuel Idelovitch Professor
Head Department of Civil Engineering
Water Quality, Wastewater and Colorado State University
Environmental Engineering Division Fort Collins, Colorado
Tahal-Water Planning for Israel Ltd. and
Tel-Aviv 64-364, Israel Maitre de Recherches Associe
Centre d'Informatique Geologique
Katsuyoshi Ishizaki Ecole Nationale Superieure des
Chief Mines de Paris
Disaster Prevention Division 77305 Fontainebleau, France
River Bureau
Japan Ministry of Construction Margaret H. Nellor
2-1-3, Kasumigaseki Project Manager
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Health Effects Study
Japan County Sanitation Districts of Los
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xi
Angeles County U.S. Environmental Protection
Whittier, California Agency
Ada, Oklahoma
Edward T. Oaksford
Supervisory Hydrologist
Martin Reinhard
Water Resources Division
Associate Professor (Research)
U.S. Geological Survey
Environmental Engineering and
Syosset, New York
Science
Department of Civil Engineering
James A. Oliva
Stanford University
Acting Director of Operations
Stanford, California
County of Nassau
Department of Public Works
Mineola, New York Bruce E. Rittmann
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
A.L. Page
University of Illinois at
Professor of Soil Science
Urbana-Champaign
Department of Soil and
Urbana, Illinois
Environmental Sciences
University of California at Riverside
Paul V. Roberts
Herbert R. Pahren Professor
Office of Research and Development Department of Civil Engineering
U.S. Environmental Protection Stanford University
Agency Stanford, California
Cincinnati, Ohio
Anne Jeffrey Schneider
Wayne A. Pettyjohn
Attorney
Professor and Head
Downey, Brand, Seymour and
Department of Geology
Rohwer
Oklahoma State University
Sacramento, California
Stillwater, Oklahoma
Donald C. Signor
G.J. Piet
Hydrologist
Department Head
Central Midwest RASA
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
U.S. Geological Survey WRD
National Institute of Public Health
Lawrence, Kansas
and Environmental Hygiene
2260 AD Leidschendam
The Netherlands John R. Smyth
Project Engineer
Marvin D. Piwoni Health Effects Study
Physical Scientist County Sanitation Districts of Los
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Angeles County
Research Laboratory Whittier, California
xii ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER
Gordon P. Treweek Technical University
Vice President Hamburg-Harburg
James M. Montgomery, Consulting 2100 Hamburg 90
Engineers, Inc. Federal Republic of Germany
Pasadena, California
B.C.J. Zoeteman
Henry J. Vaux, Jr. Director
Professor of Resource Economics Department of Physics and
Department of Soil and Chemistry
Environmental Sciences National Institute of Public Health
University of California at Riverside and
Environmental Hygiene
Peter A. Wilderer 3720 BA Bilthoven
Professor The Netherlands
PREFACE
The increasing demand for water in the United States and in other countries
has produced the realization that the vast underground reservoirs formed
by aquifers constitute invaluable water supply sources as well as water stor­
age facilities. Even when all the surface water bodies, including the Great
Lakes, are taken into account, over 95 percent of the freshwater available
in this country is reported to be groundwater.* Natural replenishment of
this vast supply of underground water occurs very slowly. Therefore, ex­
cessive continued exploitation of groundwater at a rate greater than replen­
ishment causes declining groundwater levels over the long term and, if not
corrected, leads to eventual mining of groundwater.
To increase the natural supply of groundwater, artificial recharge of
groundwater basins is becoming increasingly important in groundwater man­
agement and, particularly, in the conjunctive use of surface water and
groundwater resources. Artificial recharge may be defined as augmenting
the natural movement of surface water into underground formations by
some method of construction; surface spreading of water in basins; or ar­
tificially changing natural conditions, such as by stream channel modifica­
tion. In the context of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, a
broader term such as managed recharge may be more applicable in water
resources planning.
The purpose of artificial recharge of groundwater is to reduce, stop,
or even reverse declining levels of groundwater; to protect underground
freshwater in coastal aquifers against saltwater intrusion from the ocean;
and to store surface water, including flood or other surplus water, imported
water, and reclaimed wastewater for future use.
To introduce the wide range of technical issues related to artificial
recharge of groundwater, this book opens with an overview chapter that
summarizes the state of the art of artificial recharge of groundwater and
presents a synopsis of the chapters that follow. In addition, Part I presents
the fundamental aspects of groundwater recharge, including the role of ar­
tificial recharge in groundwater basin management, recharge methods, hy­
draulics, monitoring, and modeling.
In choosing among the several sources of available water for ground-
water recharge, increasing importance has been placed in recent years on
the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. A number of factors affect the
* American Water Works Association, Ground Water, AWWA manual M21, 1973.
XIII
xiv ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER
implementation of groundwater recharge with reclaimed wastewater. His­
torically, the motivation for wastewater reuse has come from three funda­
mental considerations: (1) availability of high-quality effluent, (2) increasing
cost of freshwater development, and (3) desirability of establishing compre­
hensive water resources planning, including water conservation and waste-
water reuse. Furthermore, the availability of reclaimed water for reuse at a
relatively low incremental cost and its dependability as a source of water
even in a drought year are primary reasons for using reclaimed water in
groundwater recharge.
Thus, this book places special emphasis on the use of reclaimed
municipal wastewater as a source for artificial recharge of groundwater.
Pretreatment processes for wastewater and renovation of wastewater with
rapid-infiltration land treatment systems are discussed in Part II of the book.
Health effects of wastewater reuse in groundwater recharge are also outlined
in this section.
A number of artificial recharge operations using reclaimed wastewater
are the subject of Part III. The cases selected represent some of the concepts
and techniques that have been developed in the last decade: Water Factory
21, Orange County, California; Cedar Creek Wastewater Reclamation-
Recharge Facilities, Nassau County, New York; El Paso, Texas; and the
Dan Region Project in Israel. In addition, the roles of riverbank filtration
along the Rhine River in the Federal Republic of Germany and bank and
dune filtration of surface waters in The Netherlands are discussed. Ground-
water recharge experiences in Poland and Japan are also included in Part
III.
The need for definitive information on the extent of contaminant re­
moval by the soil system and on the fate of micropollutants during ground-
water recharge has been recognized and is being studied extensively. Part
IV of the book specifically deals with these issues.
Artificial recharge of groundwater, particularly with reclaimed waste-
water, raises issues not only of water quality but also of water rights. The
uncertainty of ownership of reclaimed wastewater and the liability for prob­
lems that might be caused by the recharge of groundwater basins with re­
claimed wastewater could complicate and jeopardize future groundwater
recharge projects. Part V of the book evaluates these legal and economic
aspects of groundwater recharge. Research needs for groundwater quality
management are also discussed in this section.
Artificial Recharge of Groundwater is written for civil and sanitary
engineers, agricultural engineers, hydrologists, environmental scientists, and
research scientists. The book is also useful as a reference for public works
officials, consulting engineers, agriculturalists, and industrialists as well as
for students at colleges and universities.
Publication of a book of this scope and magnitude could be accom­
plished only with the help of many people, and appreciation is gratefully
accorded to the authors of the chapters. Their contributions to the quality
PREFACE XV
of this book are evident. In addition, I am grateful to Paul V. Roberts and
Kurt L. Wassermann who brought the important subject of water reuse for
groundwater recharge to the forefront through the symposium held in Po­
mona, California, in 1979. Finally, I am immeasurably indebted to my wife,
Holly, for the hours that she put into typing and assisting me in editing.
This in-house cooperation made this endeavor much more enjoyable.
Takashi Asano
Davis, California
PART I
Overview and
Fundamental
Considerations
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Finger Levees In San Gabriel River below Whittier Narrows Dam, California. Photo
courtesy of Los Angeles County Flood Control District.