Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience: Affective Analysis and Health Applications: 9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022 Proce

675 Pages·2022·79.587 MB·English

by  José Manuel Ferrández Vicente, José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez, Félix de la Paz López, Hojjat Adeli

José Manuel Ferrández Vicente
José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez
Félix de la Paz López
Hojjat Adeli (Eds.)
Artificial Intelligence
8
5
2 in Neuroscience
3
1

S
C
N
Affective Analysis and Health Applications
L
9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay
Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022
Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022
Proceedings, Part I
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13258
FoundingEditors
GerhardGoos
KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Karlsruhe,Germany
JurisHartmanis
CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
EditorialBoardMembers
ElisaBertino
PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN,USA
WenGao
PekingUniversity,Beijing,China
BernhardSteffen
TUDortmundUniversity,Dortmund,Germany
MotiYung
ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/558
·
José Manuel Ferrández Vicente
·
José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez
·
Félix de la Paz López Hojjat Adeli (Eds.)
Artificial Intelligence
in Neuroscience
Affective Analysis and Health Applications
9th International Work-Conference on the Interplay
Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2022
Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, May 31 – June 3, 2022
Proceedings, Part I
Editors
JoséManuelFerrándezVicente JoséRamónÁlvarez-Sánchez
UniversidadPolitécnicadeCartagena UniversidadNacionaldeEducación
Cartagena,Spain aDistancia
Madrid,Spain
FélixdelaPazLópez
UniversidadNacionaldeEducación HojjatAdeli
aDistancia OhioStateUniversity
Madrid,Spain Columbus,OH,USA
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)
LectureNotesinComputerScience
ISBN 978-3-031-06241-4 ISBN 978-3-031-06242-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06242-1
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022
Chapter“DesignofEducationalScenarioswithBigFootWalkingRobot:ACyber-physicalSystemPerspective
toPedagogicalRehabilitation”islicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Interna-
tionalLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Forfurtherdetailsseelicenseinformationinthe
chapter.
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynow
knownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookare
believedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditors
give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or
omissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
ThemaintopicoftheseIWINAC2022booksisthestudyofintelligentsystemsinspired
by the natural world, in particular biology. Several algorithms and methods and their
applications are discussed, including evolutionary algorithms. Bio-inspired intelligent
systems have thousands of useful applications in fields as diverse as machine learn-
ing, biomedicine, control theory, telecommunications, and, why not, music and art.
Thesebookscoversboththetheoryandpracticeofbio-inspiredartificialintelligence,
along with providing a bit of the basis and inspiration for the different approaches.
This is a discipline that strives to develop new computing techniques through observ-
inghownaturallyoccurringphenomenabehavetosolvecomplexproblemsinvarious
environmental situations. Brain-inspired computation is one of these techniques that
covers multiple applications in very different fields. Through the International Work-
ConferenceontheInterplaybetweenNaturalandArtificialComputation(IWINAC)we
provideaforuminwhichresearchindifferentfieldscanconvergetocreatenewcompu-
tationalparadigmsthatareonthefrontierbetweenneuralandbiomedicalsciencesand
informationtechnologies.
As a multidisciplinary forum, IWINAC is open to any established institutions and
researchlaboratoriesactivelyworkinginthefieldofnaturalorneuraltechnologies.But
beyond achieving cooperation between different research realms, we wish to actively
encouragecooperationwiththeprivatesector,particularlySMEs,asawayofbridging
thegapbetweenfrontierscienceandsocietalimpact.
In this edition, four main themes outline the conference topics: neuroscience,
affectivecomputing,robotics,anddeeplearning.
1) Machinelearningholdsgreatpromiseinthedevelopmentofnewmodelsandtheo-
riesinthefieldofneuroscience,inconjunctionwithtraditionalstatisticalhypothesis
testing.Machinelearningalgorithmshavethepotentialtorevealinteractions,hid-
denpatternsofabnormalactivity,brainstructureandconnectivity,andphysiological
mechanisms of the brain and behavior. In addition, several approaches for testing
thesignificanceofthemachinelearningoutcomeshavebeensuccessfullyproposed
toavoid“thedangersofspuriousfindingsorexplanationsvoidofmechanism”by
meansofproperreplication,validation,andhypothesis-drivenconfirmation.There-
fore, machine learning can effectively provide relevant information to take great
stridestowardunderstandinghowthebrainworks.Themaingoalofthisfieldisto
buildabridgebetweentwoscientificcommunities,themachinelearningcommunity,
includingleadscientistsindeeplearningandrelatedareaswithinpatternrecognition
and artificial intelligence, and the neuroscience community. Artificial intelligence
hasbecometheultimatescaletotestthelimitsoftechnologicaladvancesindealing
withlifesciencechallengesandneeds.Inthissense,theinterplaybetweennatural
andartificialcomputationisexpectedtoplayamostrelevantroleinthediagnosis,
monitoring,andtreatmentofneurodegenerativediseases,usingtheadvancedcom-
putationalsolutionsprovidedbymachinelearninganddatascience.Thisrequires
vi Preface
interchangingnewideas,launchingprojectsandcontests,and,eventually,creating
aninclusiveknowledge-orientednetworkwiththeaimofempoweringresearchers,
practitioners and users of technological solutions for daily life experience in the
domains of neuromotor and linguistic competence functional evaluation, clinical
explainability, and rehabilitation by interaction with humans, robots, and gaming
avatars,notbeingstrictlylimitedtoonlythesebutalsoopentootherrelatedfields.
Theuseofmachinelearning-basedprecisionmedicineinmonitoringdailylifeactiv-
ityandprovidingwell-beingconditionstoespeciallysensitivesocialsectorsisone
ofthemostrelevantobjectives.Casestudydescriptionsinvolvingneurodegenerative
diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, fronto-temporal dementia, cerebrovascular damage
andstroke,autism,Parkinson’sdisease,amyotrophiclateralsclerosis,multiplescle-
rosis, Huntington’s chorea, etc.) are included in the proceedings. Mild cognitive
impairment(MCI)isconsideredthestagebetweenthementalchangesthatareseen
betweennormalageingandearly-stagesofdementia.Indeed,MCIisoneofthemain
indicatorsofincipientAlzheimer’sdisease(AD)amongotherneuropsychological
diseases. The growth of these diseases is generating a great interest in the devel-
opmentofneweffectivemethodsfortheearlydetectionofMCIbecause,although
notreatmentsareknowntocureMCI,thisearlydiagnosiswouldallowearlyinter-
ventiontodelaytheeffectsofthediseaseandaccelerateprogresstowardseffective
treatmentinitsearlystages.Althoughtherehavebeenmanyyearsofresearch,the
early identification of cognitive impairment, as well as the differential diagnosis
(todistinguishsignificantcausesortypologiesforitstreatment),areproblemsthat
havebeenaddressedfromdifferentanglesbutarestillfarfrombeingsolved.Diverse
typesoftestshavealreadybeendeveloped,suchasbiologicalmarkers,magneticres-
onanceimaging,andneuropsychologicaltests.Whileeffective,biologicalmarkers
andmagneticresonanceimagingareeconomicallyexpensive,invasive,andrequire
timetogetaresult,makingthemunsuitableasapopulationscreeningmethod.On
theotherhand,neuropsychologicaltestshaveareliabilitycomparabletobiomarker
tests,andarecheaperandquickertointerpret.
2) Emotions are essential in human-human communication, cognition, learning, and
rational decision-making processes. However, human-machine interfaces (HMIs)
are still not able to understand human sentiments and react accordingly. With the
aim of endowing HMIs with the emotional intelligence they lack, the science of
affectivecomputingfocusesonthedevelopmentofartificialintelligencebymeans
oftheanalysisofaffectsandemotions,suchthatsystemsanddevicescouldbeable
torecognize,interpret,process,andsimulatehumansentiments.
Nowadays,theevaluationofelectrophysiologicalsignalsplaysakeyroleinthe
advancementtowardsthatpurposesincetheyareanobjectiverepresentationofthe
emotionalstateofanindividual.Hence,theinterestinphysiologicalvariableslike
electroencephalograms,electrocardiograms,orelectrodermalactivity,amongmany
others, has notably grown in the field of affective states detection. Furthermore,
emotions have also been widely identified by means of the assessment of speech
characteristicsandfacialgesturesofpeopleunderdifferentsentimentalconditions.
It is also worth noting that the development of algorithms for the classification of
affectivestatesinsocialmediahasexperiencedanotableincreaseinrecentyears.
Inthissense,thelanguageofpostsincludedinsocialnetworks,suchasFacebook
Preface vii
or Twitter, is evaluated with the aim of detecting the sentiments of the users of
thosemediatools.Forthisedition,thethemeofaffectivecomputingandsentiment
analysis was intended to be a meeting point for researchers who are interested in
anyoftheareasofexpertiserelatedtosentimentanalysis,includingthoseseeking
toinitiatetheirstudiesandthosecurrentlyworkingonthesetopics.Hence,papers
introducingnewproposalsbasedontheanalysisofphysiologicalmeasures,facial
recognition,speechrecognition,ornaturallanguageprocessinginsocialmediaare
includedasexamplesofaffectivecomputingandsentimentanalysis.
3) Overthelastdecadetherehasbeenanincreasinginterestinusingmachinelearn-
ing, and in the last few years deep learning methods, combined with other vision
techniques to create autonomous systems that solve vision problems in different
fields.Therefore,aspecialsessionwasorganizedtoserveresearchersanddevelop-
erspublishingoriginal,innovative,andstate-of-theartalgorithmsandarchitectures
for real-time applications in the areas of computer vision, image processing, bio-
metrics,virtualandaugmented reality,neuralnetworks,intelligentinterfaces,and
biomimeticobject-visionrecognition.
The aim was to provide a platform for academics, developers, and industry-
relatedresearchersbelongingtothevastcommunitiesoftheneuralnetwork,com-
putationalintelligence,machineLearning,deeplearning,biometrics,visionsystems,
and robotics fields to, discuss, share, experience, and explore traditional and new
areasofcomputervision,machinelearning,anddeeplearningwhichcanbecom-
bined to solve a range of problems. The objective of the session was to integrate
thegrowinginternationalcommunityofresearchersworkingontheapplicationof
machine learning and deep learning methods in vision and robotics to facilitate a
fruitfuldiscussionontheevolutionofthesetechnologiesandthebenefitstosociety.
4) Finally,deeplearninghasmeantabreakthroughintheartificialintelligencecommu-
nity.Thebestperformancesattainedsofarinmanyfields,suchascomputervision
ornaturallanguageprocessing,havebeenovertakenbythesenovelparadigmstoa
pointthatonlytenyearsagowasjustsciencefiction.Inaddition,thistechnologyhas
beenopensourcedbythemainIAcompanies;hence,makingitquitestraightforward
todesign,train,andintegratedeep-learningbasedsystems.Moreover,theamount
ofdataavailableeverydayisnotonlyenormousbutalsogrowingatanexponential
rate. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in using machine learn-
ing methods to analyse and visualize massive data generated from very different
sources and with many different features: social networks, surveillance systems,
smart cities, medical diagnosis, business, cyberphysical systems, or media digital
data.Thistopicwasselectedtoserveresearchersanddeveloperspublishingorigi-
nal,innovative, andstate-of-theartmachinelearningalgorithmsandarchitectures
toanalyseandvisualizelargeamountsofdata.
Thewiderviewofthecomputationalparadigmgivesusmoreelbowroomtoaccom-
modatetheresultsoftheinterplaybetweennatureandcomputation.TheIWINACforum
thus becomes a methodological approximation (a set of intentions, questions, experi-
ments,models,algorithms,mechanisms,explanationprocedures,andengineeringand
computational methods) to the natural and artificial perspectives of the mind embodi-
mentproblem,bothinhumansandinartifacts.Thisisthephilosophythatcontinuesin
viii Preface
IWINACmeetings,theinterplaybetweenthenaturalandtheartificial,andwefacethis
same problem every two years, although last year we had to postpone the conference
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This synergistic approach will permit us not only to
buildnewcomputationalsystemsbasedonthenaturalmeasurablephenomenabutalso
tounderstandmanyoftheobservablebehaviorsinherenttonaturalsystems.
Thedifficultyofbuildingbridgesbetweennaturalandartificialcomputationisone
of the main motivations for the organization of IWINAC events. The IWINAC 2022
proceedingscontaintheworksselectedbytheScientificCommitteefrommorethan200
submissions,aftertherefereeingprocess.Thefirstvolume,entitledArtificialIntelligence
inNeuroscience:AffectiveAnalysisandHealthApplications,includesallthecontribu-
tionsmainlyrelatedtonewtoolsforanalyzingneuraldata,ordetectingemotionalstates,
orinterfacingwithphysicalsystems.Thesecondvolume,entitledBioinspiredSystems
and Applications: from Robotics to Ambient Intelligence, contains the papers related
to bioinspired programming strategies and all the contributions oriented to the com-
putationalsolutionstoengineeringproblemsindifferentapplicationdomains,suchas
biomedicalsystemsorbigdatasolutions.
AneventofthenatureofIWINAC2022cannotbeorganizedwithoutthecollabora-
tionofagroupofinstitutionsandpeoplewhowewouldliketothanknow,startingwith
UNEDandtheUniversidadPolitécnicadeCartagena.ThecollaborationoftheUniversi-
daddeLaLaguna(ULL)wascrucial,aswastheefficientworkoftheLocalOrganizing
Committee,chairedbyJosefaDortaLuisandPedroGómezVildawiththeclosecollab-
orationofCarmenVictoriaMarreroAguilar,(UNED),CarolinaJorgeTrujillo(ULL),
andChaxiraxiDíazCabrera(ULL).Inadditiontoouruniversities,wereceivedfinancial
supportfromtheUniversidaddeLaLaguna,AyuntamientoPuertodelaCruz,Programa
deGruposdeExcelenciadelaFundaciónSéneca,andApliquemMicroones21s.l.
WewanttoexpressourgratitudetoourinvitedspeakersHojjatAdeli,fromOhioState
University(USA),RafaelRebolo,fromtheInstitutodeAstrofísicadeCanarias(Spain),
ManueldeVega,fromtheUniversidaddeLaLaguna(Spain),AthanasiosTsanas,from
theUniversityofEdinburgh(UK),andLuisM.Sarro,fromtheUniversidadNacional
deEducacionaDistancia(Spain)foracceptingourinvitationandfortheirmagnificent
plenarytalks.Wewouldalsoliketothanktheauthorsfortheirinterestinourcalland
the effort in preparing the papers, conditio sine qua non for these proceedings. We
thank the Scientific and Organizing Committees, in particular the members of these
committeeswhoactedaseffectiveandefficientrefereesandaspromotersandmanagers
ofpreorganizedsessionsonautonomousandrelevanttopicsundertheIWINACglobal
scope.OursinceregratitudegoesalsotoSpringer,forthecontinuousreceptivity,help,
andcollaborationinallourjointeditorialventuresontheinterplaybetweenneuroscience
andcomputation.
Finally, we want to express our special thanks to BCD Travel (formerly Viajes
Hispania),ourtechnicalsecretariat,andtoChariGarcía,AnaMaríaGarcía,andJuani
Blasco,formakingthismeetingpossible,andforarrangingallthedetailsthatcomprise
theorganizationofthiskindofevent.
Preface ix
WewouldliketodedicatethesetwovolumesoftheIWINACproceedingsinmemory
ofProfessorMira.
June2022 JoséManuelFerrándezVicente
JoséRamónÁlvarez-Sánchez
FélixdelaPazLópez
HojjatAdeli