Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts that Work

765 Pages·2007·14.89 MB·English

by  R. Luckin

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and
Applications
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ISSN 0922-6389
Artificial Intelligence in Education
Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
Edited by
Rosemary Luckin
London Knowledge Lab, Institute of Education,
University of London, UK
Kenneth R. Koedinger
Human-Computer Interaction Institute,
Carnegie Mellon University, USA
and
Jim Greer
ARIES Laboratory, Department of Computer Science,
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC
© 2007 The authors and IOS Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher.
ISBN 978-1-58603-764-2
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
Artificial Intelligence in Education v
R. Luckin et al. (Eds.)
IOS Press, 2007
© 2007 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.
Preface
The 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED-2007)
is being held July 9–13, 2007, in Los Angeles, California. AIED Conferences are or-
ganized by the International AIED Society on a biennial basis. The goal of the Interna-
tional Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) Society is to advance knowledge and
promote research and development in the field of Artificial Intelligence in Education.
AIED is an interdisciplinary community at the frontiers of the fields of computer sci-
ence, education and psychology. It promotes rigorous research and development of
interactive and adaptive learning environments for learners of all ages, across all do-
mains. The society brings together a community of members in the field through the
organization of the AIED Conferences, a Journal, and other activities of interest. The
AIED conferences are the main International forum for reporting the best international
research in the field of AI in Education. The conferences provide the opportunity for
the exchange of information and ideas on related research, development and applica-
tions. Previous conferences have been held in Kobe, Japan in 1997; Le Mans, France in
1999; San Antonio, USA in 2001; Sydney, Australia in 2003 and Amsterdam, The
Netherlands in 2005.
Each conference adopts a theme that reflects the interests of the community and its
role at the cutting edge of research. The 2007 theme is: Building Technology Rich
Learning Contexts that Work. The nature of technology has changed since AIED was
conceptualised as a research community and Interactive Learning Environments were
initially developed. Technology is smaller, more mobile, networked, pervasive and
often ubiquitous as well as being provided by the standard desktop PC. This creates the
potential for technology supported learning wherever and whenever learners need and
want it. However, in order to take advantage of this potential for greater flexibility we
need to understand and model learners and the contexts with which they interact in a
manner that enables us to design, deploy and evaluate technology to most effectively
support learning across multiple locations, subjects and times. The AIED community
has much to contribute to this endeavour.
Here are some statistics: Overall, we received 192 submissions for full papers and
posters. 60 of these (31%) were accepted and published as full papers, and a further
52 are included here as posters. Full papers each have been allotted 8 pages in the Pro-
ceedings; posters have been allotted 3 pages. The conference also includes 2 interactive
events, 10 workshops, 5 tutorials, and 16 papers in Young Researcher’s Track. Each of
these has been allotted a one-page abstract in the Proceedings; the workshops, tutorials,
and YRT papers also have their own Proceedings, provided at the conference itself.
Also in the Proceedings are brief abstracts of the talks of the four invited speakers:
Roxana Moreno, University of New Mexico
Tak-Wai Chan, National Central University of Taiwan
Danaë Stanton Fraser, University of Bath in the United Kingdom
Gregory Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology
vi
For the first time in the AIED conference we instituted a meta-review process.
Thanks to our Senior Program Committee members, this change went quite smoothly.
We believe that not only was the quality of the reviewing better, but the reviewing
process was more rewarding with reviewers able to see their colleagues views and, if
needed, discuss differences of opinion. Thanks, also, to the reviewers who were re-
cruited by the Senior Program Committee members to help out in this critical task.
We would like to thank the many people who helped make the conference possi-
ble. Firstly members of Lewis Johnson’s Local Organizing Committee, Jihie Kim, An-
dre Valente, Carole Beal and Chad Lane. Our Sponsorhsip chair Art Graesser and Re-
becca Campbell, our copy editor. Special thanks to Jim Greer, our AIED Society Presi-
dent, who made sure we stayed on schedule. The committees organizing the other
events at the conference have helped to make the conference richer and broader. Young
Researcher’s Track, chaired by Judith Good and Kaska Porayska-Pomsta; Tutorials,
chaired by Roger Azevedo and Carolyn Rosé; and Workshops chaired by Ivon Arroyo
and Joe Beck.
For those who enjoyed the contributions in this Proceedings, we recommend con-
sidering joining the International Society for Artificial Intelligence in Education:
http://www.iaied.org. We certainly hope that you all enjoy the AIED-2007 conference.
Kenneth R. Koedinger, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Rosemary Luckin, University of London, UK
Program Committee Co-Chairs
vii
Executive Committee of the International
AI-ED Society
President: Jim Greer, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
President Elect: Art Graesser, University of Memphis, USA
Secretary/Treasurer: Helen Pain, University of Edinburgh, UK
Journal Editor: Paul Brna, University of Glasgow, UK

Gerardo Ayala, Puebla University, Mexico
Ivon Arroyo, University of Massachusetts, USA
Michael Baker, University of Lyon, France
Bert Bredeweg, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Susan Bull, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Tak-Wai Chan, National Central University, Taiwan
Cristina Conati, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Albert Corbett, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
Ben du Boulay, University of Sussex, UK
Claude Frasson, University of Montreal, Canada
Ulrich Hoppe, University of Duisburg, Germany
Lewis Johnson, University of Southern California, USA
Judy Kay, University of Sydney, Australia
Chee Kit Looi, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Ken Koedinger, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Rose Luckin, University of Sussex, UK
Susan Lajoie, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Antonija Mitrovic, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Riichiro Mizoguchi, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Helen Pain, University of Edinburgh, UK
Pierre Tchounikine, University of Le Mans, France
Wouter van Joolingen, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
viii
Senior Program Committee
Esma Aimeur (Canada) Mitsuru Ikeda (Japan)
Vincent Aleven (USA) Lewis Johnson (USA)
Lora Aroyo (Netherlands) Akihiro Kashihara (Japan)
Ivon Arroyo (USA) Judy Kay (Australia)
Kevin Ashley (USA) Kenneth R. Koedinger (USA)
Roger Azevedo (USA) Susanne Lajoie (Canada)
Joe Beck (USA) Chee-Kit Looi (Singapore)
Benjamin Bell Rosemary Luckin (UK)
Gautam Biswas (USA) Gordon McCalla (Canada)
Bert Bredeweg (Netherlands) Erica Melis (Germany)
Paul Brna (UK) Antonija Mitrovic (New Zealand)
Peter Brusilovsky (USA) Riichiro Mizoguchi (Japan)
Susan Bull (UK) Raphael Morales (Mexico)
Tak-Wai Chan (Taiwan) Jack Mostow (USA)
Yam-San Chee (Singapore) Helen Pain (UK)
Cristina Conati (Canada) Ana Paiva (Portugal)
Ricardo Conejo (Spain) Kaska Porayska-Pomsta (UK)
Albert Corbett (USA) Marta Rosatelli (Brazil)
Fiorella de Rosis (Italy) Carolyn Rosé (USA)
Vania Dimitrova (UK) Amy Soller (USA)
Benedict du Boulay (UK) Akira Takeuchi (Japan)
Isabel Fernandez de Castro (Spain) Pierre Tchounikine (France)
Claude Frasson (Canada) Wouter van Joolingen (Netherlands)
Judith Good (UK) Kurt VanLehn (USA)
Arthur Graesser (USA) Julita Vassileva (Canada)
Monique Grandbastien (France) Felisa Verdejo (Spain)
Jim Greer (Canada) Peter Weimer-Hastings (USA)
Neil Heffernan (USA) Beverly Woolf (USA)
Ulrich Hoppe (Germany) Kalina Yacef (Australia)
ix
Additional Reviewers
Marie-Hélène Abel Reva Freedman Olivier Motelet
Gregory Aist Elena Gaudioso Kasia Muldner
Fabio Akhras Dragan Gašević Antoinette Muntjewerff
Lisa Anthony Sebastien George William Murray
Mohd Anwar Michael Glass Kiyoshi Nakabayashi
Ana Arruate Zinan Guo Jean-François Nicaud
Eric Atwell Eduardo Guzmán Roger Nkambou
Ari Bader-Natal Amanda Harris Toshio Okamoto
Ryan Baker Shinobu Hasegawa Kyparisia Papanikolaou
Nelson Baloian Yusuke Hayashi Fábio Paraguaçu
Tiffany Barnes Pentti Hietala Darren Pearce
Evandro Barros Costa Tsukasa Hirashima Jose Perez-de-la-Cruz
Beatriz Barros Hilary Holz Diana Perez-Marin
Scott Bateman Wong Lung Hsiang Jean-Philippe Pernin
Carole Beal Kim Issroff Niels Pinkwart
Stephen Blessing G. Tanner Jackson Carlos Pinto
Denis Bouhineau Pamela Jordan Sowmya Ramachandran
Jacqueline Bourdeau Jelena Jovanovic Leena Razzaq
Anders Bouwer Toshinobu Kasai GenaroRebolledo-Mendez
Crescencio Bravo Sandra Katz Christophe Reffay
Christopher Brooks Yong Se Kim Peter Reimann
Andrea Bunt Paul Kirschner Paola Rizzo
Charles Callaway Styliany Kleanthous Judy Robertson
Rosa M. Carro Tomoko Kojiri MiguelRodriguez-Artacho
Alison Cawsey Tatsuhiro Konishi Ido Roll
Hao Cen Rob Koper Khalid Rouane
Stefano A. Cerri Chad Lane Marguerite Roy
Weiqin Chen Fong-Lok Lee Paulo Salles
Sherry Chen James Lester Daniel Schwartz
Patrick Chipman Jochem Liem Miky Sharples
Mark Core Chun Wai Liew Erin Shaw
Richard Cox Frank Linton Tim Smith
Scotty Craig Diane Litman Sergey Sonovsky
Sidney D’Mello Tomasz Loboda Itana Stiubiener
Declan Dagger Javier Lopez Pramundi Suraweera
Ben Daniel Vanda Luengo Jason Tan
Nicolas Delestre Maxim Makatchev Roger Taylor
Cyrille Desmoulins Manuel Marques-Pita Josephine Tchetagni
Vladan Devedzic Alke Martens Patricia Tedesco
Darina Dicheva Brent Martin Monica Trella
Toby Dragon Santosh Mathan Evangelos Tirantafillou
Aude Dufresne Noboru Matsuda Joshua Underwood
Myroslava Dzikovska Manolis Mavrikis Elizabeth Uruchurtu
Jon A. Elorriaga Phil McCarthy Lucile Vadcard
Mingyu Feng Eva Millan Andre Valente