Artificial intelligence in design

895 Pages·2015·18.61 MB·English

Artificial
intelligence
ind esi'g9n1
edibtye d
JS.. G ero
UniveorfSs yidtnye y
UTTERWORTH
E I N E M A N N
Butterworth-HeLitnde mann
LinacHroeu sJeo,r daHni lOlx,f orOdX 28 DP
..
PART OF REED INTERNATIONAL BOOKS
OXFORD LONDON BOSTON
MUNICH NEW DELHI SINGAPORE SYDNEY
TOKYO TORONTO WELLINGTON
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Pref ace
Desiginsbe cominagm ajorre searctho piince ngineearnidan rgc hiteIctit suo rneeo. ft hkee ys
toe conomciocm petitivaenndet shfseu ndamepnrteaclu rtsomo arn ufacturHionwge.v eoru,r
understaonfddi ensgi agsna p rocesasn do ura biltiotm yod eli ta rset ivlelr lyi mitOendeo. f
them ajosrtr andsd eosfi regsne aricshc oncernweidt dhe veloping computational symbolic
modelso fd esipgrocne sseTsh.e foundatimouncsho fto hfir se seacracnbh e tr acetdot hied eas
expoundbeyHd e rberSti moinn 1 96i9nh iboso k
ThSec ienocfte hAser tificial.
Therei sa t wofolidn tereisndt e sirgens earTchhefi. r sitsc oncernweidt phr oducian g
betteurn derstaondfdi ensgi gTnh.es econidsc oncernweidt phr oduciunsge ftuolo tlosa id
humadn esignaenrdis ns omea reatsoa utomate variooufts h deae sspiegcnt sp rJoucsaetss s.
inl inguiask tincosw ledogflea nguatghee odroye nso nte cessamraikleayw ritaeS rh akespeare
buti se ssenfotirat lh per oductioofwn r itianigd sso,i nd esiagk nn owledogfde e sitghne ory
doenso tn ecessamraikleay d esiganb eert tdeers igbnuetir s e ssenftoitrah lpe r oductoifo n
design Tahiend ost.i tohnad te sicgonu lbder esearchdeadt beasc tko t hvee reya rdlayy osf t he
nineteceenntthu Hroyw.e vetrh,de e velopmoeftn htce o mputatsiyomnbaoll piacr adiogvme r
thel ast thirthya ss ypeuarrresd resetarcohp errodsu cien creasiunsgelfyu l maondde ls
processwehsi chha vpeo tentaipapll icabiindl eistiyg n.
The articoufla arttiiofinic nitaell liagsae s necpea raarteeoa fr eseaarncddh e velopment
haso peneudpn ewi deafosrd esirgens earcShiemrisl.a drelsyi,cg ann b etr eateadsa h ighly
complex intealcltiivgiewtnhyti chp rovidae rsi cdho maifonr artificiianlt elligence
researchers. iAnrttieflilciiigandel en sciehg ansbe ena b urgeonairnefogar a d ecandoew T.h e
papeirnst hivso lumaer freo mt hFei rIsntt ernatioCnoanlf ereonncA er tificIinatle lliigne nce
Desighne lidn Ju1n9e9 i1nE dinburgh.
Thefo rty-sepvaepne rwsh,i chha vbeee ne xtensirveefelrye eadr,eg roupuendd etrh e
followihnega dings.
Artificiianlt ellipgaernacdei agnmdsd esign
Constraint-braesaesdo niindn egs ign
Case-barseeads oniindn egs ign
Interfeancvei ronmiennd tess ign
Leamingi nd esign
Desigrne presentation
Nonmonotorneiacs oniindn egs ign
Cognitiavsep ecotfs design
Industriaaplp licaotfoA iIni snd esign
Conceptdueasli gn
Desigdnoc umentation
ix
ApplicatioofAn Isi nd esign
Integrdaetseidg n-sysatnedtm oosl s
Evena cursogryl anactet hilsi ssth owbost ht hed eptahn db readotfhr eseaarncdh
applicaotifartio finc ialin telliigned necsei gTnh.i asc tivhiatsdy e finae dn epwa radiignm
desitghne oarnydm ethodoloagnyda n ewr esearcfihe lTdh.e spea peprrse setnhstet ate-of-the­
art andt hlee adiendggo ef t hafite lTdh.e yp rovitdhebe a sfoirsa n advaunncdeedr staonfd ing
artificiailn design.
Alpla pewresre re viewebdyt hreree ferdereaswfro nm al arignet ernatipoannaelMl a.n y
thantok st hefomr t hqeu aliotfty h aec cepptaepde dresp enodnst heeiffro rtTsh.e yare listed
belowF.a yS udweekwso,r kienxgtr aordihnoaurryss h,a petdh ivso lumienh eri nimitable
fashifroonm,t hmea tersiuablm itbtyet dh vea rioauust hoArssa .l wayssp,e ctihaaln akrsde u e
toh er.
JohSn.G ero
UniversSiytdyn eyo f
Apr1i9l 91
InternatPiaonneoalflR eferees
AliAcgeo gino ErnesEdtm onds LauKrois kela MichRaoesle nman
Shinsuke AkagiJ osEen carnacao Sridha Kota Chris Rowles
Omer Akin BoFia ilings F.L-K.r ause GeorRgzee vski
Varo!Akman PauFla zio BryaLna wson MarSka possnek
RogeArl lwood SteFveen ves RayL evitt WarreSnee ring
Farhad SusanF inger ShapeoiLin RonS harpe
Arbab
TomaAsrzc iszewskiG erhFaridsc her XilLaiu TiSm mithers
BalBaa lachandranU lriFclhe mming BriLanogan JarosSloabwi eski
P.B anerjee JohFnr azer KenM acClaulm WillSipaiml lers
ClauBdeed ard RenaFtreu chter MarLyo uM aher DuvSriram
RezaB eheshti JameGsar rett BerMtarik!s jo LarSrtyua ffer
LaszlBoer ke JohGne ro AndrMaasr kus DavSitde ier
PetBere mus HanGsr abowski KurMtar shek LouSitse inberg
AarBtijl Don Grierson CindMyas on GeogreStiny
BiBlilr imngham MarGkr oss Krishan MathurP etSetrru ss
BoC-hriBsjtoerr k BarbarHaa yes-RothF arroMkihs tree KatSiyac ara
JiBmo wen JacHkod ges Fumio MizogucKhair l-HTeemimnez
AlaBnr idges David Hoeltzel PetMeru llarkey TetsTuoomi yama
AndByr own TonHyo lden DundNeaev inchandIrraTi osm melein
DaviBdr own SeJ unHeo ng ShimonNof ChrTiosn g
Jon Cagan CraHiogw ard SetsOuhos uga BarrTyo pping
PeCrh ristianssoMni keHuhns TarkkOok sala EnnTyugu
HeldCeoerl ho Willlibabms RivOkxam an DaviUdl lman
PhillCiopipeff et KosI shii PanoPsa palambros KarUll rich
DiaCnooek YumIiw asaki GrahPaomw ell V.V enkaastubramanian
Richard Coyne MarwaJna bri JamPeso well WillemViiesnse r
RobertC oyne YehudaKalay KennePrtehi ss AllWearnd
TomD ietterich S.M .K annapan TerPruyr cell RichWaerldc h
Jack Dixon R.L .K ashyap TonRya dford Westerberg
Art
AleDxu ffy Randy Katz J..RRao RobW oodbury
CliDvyem FumihKiikmou ra WillRiaasmd orf Michael Wozny
ChucEasktm an TedK itzmiller DanRehak JaWeoo Yang
ErnstEd er TosrtKejenl lberg JamResi nderle JZih ou
KhaldZorueni k
x
Representthieen ngg ineedreisnigpg rno cess:
two hypotheses
R.B aiiares-Alaintara
Department ofCh emiEncalg ineering
UniversoifEdtyi nburgh
EdinburgEHh 9 3JLS cotland
AbstraAc rte.pr esentaotfit ohned esignp rocesiss p roposbeasde do n the
exploratimoond elo fS mitheertsa l.A lthouigthw as developareodu ndt he
characteroifts hteic chse micpalla ndte siagnr eaw,e b elietvhea itt i sa pplicable
toa nyo thearr easa lonasg itd oesn oti nvolsvpea tiraelaso ningI.t s upports
thee xploraotfit ohned iffereanltt ernagteinveesr abtyet dh eu seo fa ggregation
andr efinement opetrhaect oonrssi,d eroaftd iioffne reonpte ratvailnuges ,a nda ll
thec ombinatoifot nhsea boveA.s idfreo m beinagb lteo e xploar nee tworokf
alternaatnidve exsp anadn yn odea ta nyp oinitnt imea, d esignecra np ropagate
changteso t hed esigni na nyse lectedidr ectiTohne.r epresentationo nd epends
twoh ypotheses(:a )t hed ecompositoifoi nn formatihoynp otheasnids( ;b )T he
identiocbajleh cytp othesBiost.hh avbee euns epdr eviouforsd liyff erpeunrtp oses,
andt her esultpsr esentheedr ien dicatthea tt heyar e soundA. CommonLisp
object-orsiyesntteeimdsu sefodr ther epresentaotfti hoeno bjetcotb ed esigned
(ac hemicpalla ntA)n. A TMS (Assumption-BTrasuetdh M aintenance Siyss tem)
used rteoc orthde d ependenocfit ehsee quipmeanndt a lternaptliavneta sn,dt o
suppotrhte e xploraotfit ohned esisgnp ace.
1 INTRODUCTION
Au sewfautylo t i hnakb otuehtd eveloopfAm le-snbetdad e ssiygsnt iepsmr so ­
posbeydS mietr(hs91 89I)n.t a htr epohreit d,e nttihfirmeeasei anc teisv iti
relattotee hpd r ocoefds ess ign:
Develoopfmm oedneftlo tsrh dee spirgonc ietssse lf.
(a)
(bD)e veloopftm eecnhtn tiorq eupersea snreden asto n daebsokiungton w ledge.
•onl eavfreo mt heF acultdaeQd u lmicUaN,A M.M exico.
3
(cC)o nstroufic nttieognsr yasttaeerdmct heictruerqeusbi yrd eeds ign support
systems.
Thipsa paedrd retshsseee csio ntdea mb otvaek,ti hndege spirgonc meosdse l
propboysS emdie trehsat l (.91 8,9a )npdr opaod sieffse rreepnrte setnetcaht­ion
niqfuoer dtehsepi rgonc Ietsc sli.as i tmheatdth is repirasen sa epnptraO.:t ion
prioantfeeo t rh dee soifcg hne mpilcaainlnpt asr tisciunilcwtaea r ds,e veloped
aruontdh per oblaenmcdsh arascttidecerssi criintb hecedh m eiceanlg ineering
desliigtne rIastth uorbueelu.d s u elnf,e verstsfoh,rae nltyey poefd eswihgenr e
theirasev ery nluamrbogefper o ssailbtleer natives,
• theiraser elieavubaalltefo otrrh ael ternaantdi ves,
• theev uaaltoofar l ternieasxt pievnetssoui svseeow, e c anneoxtpt eoct be
• abtleoa ppilttyo e vearlyt ernative.
Thnee xste cteixoanm isnoemoseft hceo mpliascsaotciiowanitstme hod d ­
elltihndege spirgonc ients hrsee waolr Alfdt.e r rtehvseit eawtiern egsp praec­e
sentaatnhidoo winh t a bse en tuors eepdr etshpeern otco efds ess iSgenc,t3 i on
compatrherasel et ervniaetowiftsv h deee spirgonc aenstdsh b,ee sontce h osen
to tbhbeea soeft hper oproesperdae tsie(onScntet i4o)In.no rdteoir m plement
thper oporseepdra etsieaonnnAt ,s sumptiTorunt-MhBa asiendt eSnyasntceem
(ATMSu)s eTidhs.le a tshtr ee sectioenxsa modpfeal aneil m pwlietmhe na­n
tatdieovne ltootp eeosduti r d eaasd ,i scuosfts hcieuo rnr setnaottft e hs ey stem
andde sifruetddue rvee lospa,mn tedhn ceto ncloufts hiwioosnr sk .
2 THEN ATUROEF T HEE NGINEERDIENSGI GPNR OCESS
Ith abse euns utaosl i mptlhimefo yd oeflt hper ocoefds ess iagnnasd,s ume
awatyh e exissotmoeefin tcpser oopfeO rntoeift e hsoe.b jeecsot fti hcveu rrent
reseiastr oct ha kien atcoc osuuncctho mplicianot ridtoenohrs a ,va ec loser
modoefalr ewaolr dleds pirgonc ess.
Thper opetrhtawietie nst teont adk iena tcoc oaurnet:
( Desiagsa nno pportaucntiisvtiitcy .
)
a Desiingson pt e rformaefi dx esudeso tifo n pge raatpoprlisina e nod r dered
way,i ta ismi psl imeodse tni gni neteerxitnbgDo eoskiisg.sanp rocess
whebroet thh,te o p-adnobdw ont -tuoapmp prhoeaascr,ue s ebdyt hdee ­
siginnae nro pportmuanninsIettiri o.scn lrye latrievcleeytln hytat th is
habse eanc knowl(.eegd"g.. e .td.h o er doefcr o ncgeeepnrta tiisno ont
top-d(oWewsnt"e rebatel 1r.9g,8 9).
(bD)e saigsn i annc remaecnttiavli ty.
Desiignen n ginieesev roilnugrt yCi.ho annaagrepesr optoost ehcdeu rrent
desiignon r dteomr o vteoa "betdteesri("gi nn mseoitmcr.e) T hese
4
chancgaebnses ease ni mproovre mreenfitsnsI.e ng me ennettrhcaehl a,n ges
arsem awlilt h rteots htpeoe tacamtlo uonfit n formhaetilintdoh nce u rrent
design.
() D esiagsa nne xploarcattiivoint y.
c Smitehetar l(s.91 89pr)o paones xep loratmioodnoe-fdlb e asseiddge n­,
scritbhidene gsp irgonc ase skasn owledgeex-pblaostreasadtkD i.eo sni gn
icsl assiasfi eexdp lorraattihoenrs, e tahrbacenhc ,ak unsoew laebdoguet
thsep aocfpe o sssiobllueht asit oon osbb et abienfoegrdoe a clasbn e w ell
formulaTtyepdi.ct ahlieln yid,te isaclr oiftp htseio olnu itisin ocno mplete
an/odra mbigauno/oduris n con.s istent
(dC)o mploefxt ihdteey s pirgonc ess.
Complaerxiifstreyots mh g ee neroafatl iaorsngp eao cfpe o sssioblluet ions,
thiastf ,r otmhv ee rlya rnguem boefar l teronfia nttiveersm edfiinaatle and
designs.
( Consisotfte hdneec syi gn process.
)
e Problweimtcsho nsicsatne ndacurytei ot s wedo i ffearnecdno tm pounding
fcators:
Desiggenn erlaalsoltvyse lro npage riotdi mmeoa,fk iinptgo ssible
• tor evesrosmoeeft hper evdieocuisms aidobenyt s h dee siegintehre r
because
-thopsree vaicotuihsoa nvbsee efonr gotten,
-thdee signer ahn aesfw a locertpa rronceeoddr u re,
-thdee sicghnaenrhg iemsdi nadb osuotm per evdieocuiss ion.
Desicgabnne u nderassta os oodcp iraolc aep srso,cw ehsestr hee
• resiumslo tr teh atnhs eu omf i tpsa rti'cisin ptaenrtprTehtea tion.
compdleestiiensg o nit nt hpeo sseosfs iiaonnndy i vnioidrtsu h aelr e
au niqduees crpiopstsi(ioWbnel set eertabl 1e.r99,g8) .
3 THREVEI EWOSF T HEE NGINEERDIENSGI GPNR OCESS
Thper ocoefds ess iisagp nr oblema-cstoilavvniiasdtn sygu, c cha,bn e r epre­
sentuesdia ns gt astpeaw chee,er aec sht ate cotroar p eosspsodinebdslsie g n.
Eacohft hpeo ssdiebslieg bnesc ocnasnia ds eorleudt eiioitnnh teerr moerd iate
(
fina,al ntdh erewfoecr aean,l rseof teoir ast sao lustpiaoocraned essipganc e.
)
Thutsh,pe r ocoefds ess ciagbnnes ease nn aa vigfartoaimnio nni sttia-attleh e
specifiocfta htpeir oonb tloeafi m n,a slt a-ttehp er opossoelduas t sieoeinnn,
Fig1ur.e
Thearreae tl eatshtrd eieff ewraeytnsuot s e itnhfeoi romgnae tnerdautreidn g
thdee spirgonc Tehssese .l eocfet iitohne dre toenrehm oiwwn eetlshl se y stem
wiclolp wei tthhc eo mpliocfad teisolinigssni t nSe edc t2i,ao nned a cchh oice
prodduecsesispg anwc ietsh dtioffpeorleNonagtmi ieensag.c ht hpoeof s sibilities
accortdoti hfneog r omft hediers ignw esh pa:av eces
5
DesignS pace
Fig1urS:et astpear cereep sentoafdt eisoing n.
(aL)i ndeeaslsi pgantc oep ology.
(bT)r edee ssipgantc oep ology.
(cN)e twdoersksi pgantc oep ology.
3.1L inedaels isgpna tcoep oyl og
Int hsei mpclaesnseoht, i stooftr hiyen termsetdaiogafdet eses i iksge np t. Every
timame o dificiapstr ioopnot sote hcdeu rrdeenstit ghmneo, d ificiamsta idoen
antdh per eviouissl osstta.t eE ach ihnattseh remreeodfnioloarynte ee state
succeasnstdoh dree, s pirgonc ieassl sio nfne o dweistt hhi en istpieacli fication
ast hfier nsotd aen tdh per opfionsaesldo lutaisot nhfi en anlo dFei gure
A1 SA (
2)T.h eu sehran so m echatnoig sobm a cakn edx plaonar let erinnaa t ive
Fig2u:rL ei ndeeaslsi pgantc oepg oyl.o
prevnioodusesi nichtea s lboe.seW tnh itlheri esp raetsiewonontu bledt he
( )
simptloie msptl eimietins nt a,d easq uiatfta leist op rovaim deecn hiastmo
explaolrtee rnatives.
3.2Tr eed esisgpna tcoep oyl og
Thiissa m orgee necrasaeol ft hlei ndeeaslsi pgantc oep olIotfgh yce.u rrent
desiissga nv iemnde moprryit oor bmeoidnigfit ehddee, s icgananeta r n pyo int
examainni en termdeedsiaiangtpdner opodsieff emaro ednitfi cEaatciihon n­.
termesdtiaacttaeent ,h uhsa,vm eo rteh an suocncee esascroher p riensage nt
(
6
diffearletnetir vneoa)rt,i giant arteiens-gtl riukceti unFr ieg u3as.rA ec tually
thset ruicastu unried irgercatipiwfhoe t n aaiklne at coc otuhcneast oe fi dentical
starteeasc bhyde idff eerxepnlto praattbhiusoat,nu nidirgercatcpiahobn ne a l
expreass tsaer de e. N(oasit nteh petr heavctias eo)uads, e ciosfti hodene signer
Fig3u:rT eer ed essiapgcnte o pgoyl.o
hast hpeo telon fta ifftaeiconngl dye ssitgandt oewsn storfe saiamn dgelsei gn
pat(.hi. ea chtaoanc guer rdeenstci agonnn lpyr opatgoia tstsue c cressF)so.or
exampnleemw,o dai ficra2tto Ai 2oc nao nn layffe cdte siognpn astC 1h-+ Sc
when atrhceer ye a,bt uectda nnaoffte ctd etshioegnp n astA h3 SAI.tf h e
uswearn tteoed x plore thoefb oatophpp elriaoctnato thrsiesu-+o cnc eosfts hoer s
currneond(tei p.reo.p arg2ta htreo puagtAhh3 -+S Ah)ew, o uhladvt eo
(aC)r eaan tee(w t hpiartwdhh) e ren etsxhtue c cietssh speor ro douafc ptp lying
botohp erastiomrnusel otuaasnladyp ,p tlhyre e stth oeop fe raotfto hres
olpda tthoi to,r
(bH)a vaed emonf-allciiiwktheyi ccohu vlides aicothft hneo dients h oel d path
anadp ptlhyne e owp eroantt ohreB mu.t thent,hd ee sshiAog3u-+nl sd
SAb em odibfiyer dt2 oA ;-+ S�( antdho er igfoirnogatltseO nrs) h?o uld
a npeawtc ho nsiosfdt eisniAgg; n Ss �b ec rea(treedd utcoti hneg case
abo)v?e -+
This otfsy tpreai tuses geiydnm osotft hceu rrdeenstsi ugpnp soyrstt aenmds ,
whiilcsel ebaerlttyth eatrnh fi er st ionsno eflt,e xiietbn loeut gofh u lsluyp port
exptloiroan.
3.3N etwodreks ign tsoppaocloeg y
Thiisnt, u rinasm, o rgee necrasatelh atnht er deees sipgantc oep olIontg hyi.s
casee,a cohno eft hset aitksee spi tnm emoarnyd bceda ynn amiaccaclelsys ed
at paoniyd nutr itnhdgee spirgonc Neosts .c oananln yo dhea vmeo rteh an
onseu ccebsusto rnf,or dodemis ff ebrreanntcc ahbnee ls i ntkherdo rueglha tions
deterbmyit nhueesd e Arl.sa od ,e ciisnain oyn parntoidhceastu hlpeao rt ential
toaff eictstsu ccepsrseodresco,ers s isbol(riasng gacsio nnt,r boytl hldeee ds igner)
7
ancdr enaetawel ter.nT ahtdeie vsesispganc et htfoear kmoe fas bidirectional
gra(pFhi g4u)rT.eh isst raitsce hgoysa estn h beas iosft hdee spirgonc ess
Fig4u:rNe et wodreks ignt osppoalcoeg y.
represepnrteasteiinntot hnnee ed x ste ction.
4 PROPOSERDE PRESEANTITON
Wen eeadr epresetnhtacatact noi powenih tt hree quirleiemsdeit nnSt esc tion
2,a ntdh aitsa l asbol teor epretshgeeen nte rreilca ftoiuoinnneds n gineering
design:
()A ggregoarCt oimopno sition.
a Eacohn oeft he propoisbseu di fldrteoc mso imgpnosn Weenr tesla.a te
deswiigtenha cohno efi tcso mponuesniatngsgg regraetliaotni ons.
(bS)p eciaolriR esnfiaetmieonnt .
Twop ropdoesseidag rrnees l abtyae s dp eciaolrri esfianteirmoeenln att ion
itfh see codnedsdi egsnc trhiseba emoseb jaetacm to rdee talielvteehdla n
thfier dsets ign.
AlternoarVt erisvieosn s.
()
c Aletrnaotfiap v reosp doessedi gbne moafcy l tawsos es:
iS.t rucatlutrearln atives
Whereea cahl terdniafftfeirrvostem h oer igitnhacelo mipno nents
presoertn htwe a yt heayrc eo nne.Ic ntge edne,er aacolhn oeft he
alterniaasst pievceisa olrri esfianteiomoften hn peta rneondte .
Operaatlitnegr natives
11.T heal ternaartteoi pvoelso egqiuciavlbalulyste o nmtoe,ft hveai r­
abltehsad te tertmhiefniuern chtaivdoein ff evraeelnsut.
Asn ottehde,ira sen o verbleatpwt eherene finermeelnatat nitdoh naesl ternative
relatAitdo inffse.pr oeindntut rsit nhdgee spirgonc tehsuess ,em ray w antto
thiinntk e romfos n oeft hem.
8