Artificial Intelligence Based Cancer Nanomedicine: Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Bioethics

110 Pages·2022·11.551 MB·English

by  Fahima Dilnawaz, Ajit Kumar Behura

Artificial Intelligence Based
Cancer Nanomedicine:
Diagnostics, Therapeutics and
Bioethics
Edited by
Fahima Dilnawaz
Laboratory of Nanomedicine
Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square
Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha
India
&
Ajit Kumar Behura
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhandbad
Dhandbad-826004, Jharkhand
India
Artificial Intelligence Based Cancer Nanomedicine: Diagnostics, Therapeutics
and Bioethics
Editors: Fahima Dilnawaz and Ajit Kumar Behura
ISBN (Online): 978-981-5050-56-1
ISBN (Print): 978-981-5050-57-8
ISBN (Paperback): 978-981-5050-58-5
© 2022, Bentham Books imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers Pte. Ltd. Singapore. All Rights Reserved.
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER 1 THE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CANCER
NANOMEDICINE .................................................................................................................................... 1
Fahima Dilnawaz
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 2
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 3
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 3
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR DESIGNING CANCER
NANOMEDICINE .................................................................................................................................... 4
Fahima Dilnawaz
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 4
USE OF NANOMATERIALS AND AI IN PRECISION DIAGNOSTICS ................................ 5
PREDICTION OF PERSONALIZED DRUG POTENCY BY NANOTECHNOLOGY .......... 6
UTILIZING COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING IN NANOTHERAPEUTICS FOR
TARGETING AND PERSONALIZED DOSING ......................................................................... 7
UTILIZING AI AND NANOMATERIALS FOR DRUG DOSING AND IMPROVED
THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY ......................................................................................................... 9
EXPLOITING THE USE OF AI AND NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR PERSONALIZED
GENE THERAPY ............................................................................................................................ 10
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................... 11
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 12
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 12
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER
NANOMEDICINE .................................................................................................................................... 16
Sweta Mohanty, Sarbari Acharya and Chandana Mohanty
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 16
CANCER NANOMEDICINE .......................................................................................................... 17
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) ............................................................................................ 18
ROLE OF AI IN DRUG DISCOVERY .......................................................................................... 20
APPLICATION OF AI TECHNOLOGIES IN CANCER NANOMEDICINE ......................... 22
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 23
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 24
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 25
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER 4 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED DIAGNOSTIC DESIGN FOR
PRECISION CANCER NANOMEDICINE ........................................................................................... 27
Ranjita Misra and Malathi Sampath
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 27
ROLE OF NANOMEDICINES IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS ........................................................ 28
NANOMEDICINES USED FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS ........................................................... 29
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ..................................................... 30
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOWARDS CANCER DIAGNOSIS 31
.............................................................................................................................................................
ADVANTAGE OF INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND
NANOMEDICINES ......................................................................................................................... 32
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 34
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 34
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 34
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER 5 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED NANOSENSORS TO COMPOSE THE
PATIENT'S CANCER BIOMARKER PROFILE ................................................................................. 39
Malathi Sampath and Ranjita Misra
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 39
NANOSENSORS AND THEIR ROLE IN BIOMARKERS PROFILING ................................. 40
TYPES OF NANOSENSORS .......................................................................................................... 41
Affinity Based Biosensors ........................................................................................................ 42
Catalytic Based Sensors ............................................................................................................ 42
Enzymes ........................................................................................................................... 42
Microbes .......................................................................................................................... 43
Organelles ....................................................................................................................... 43
Tissue Samples ................................................................................................................ 43
OPTICAL NANOSENSORS ........................................................................................................... 43
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS ............................................................................................... 44
CHEMICAL NANOSENSORS ....................................................................................................... 44
DEPLOYABLE SENSOR ................................................................................................................ 45
ELECTROMETERS ........................................................................................................................ 45
BIOSENSOR ..................................................................................................................................... 45
ADVANTAGES OF AMALGAMATION OF NANOSENSORS WITH ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE ............................................................................................................................. 46
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 47
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 48
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 48
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 48
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 48
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 49
CHAPTER 6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A PUTATIVE TOOL FOR NEWER DRUG
DEVELOPMENT APPROACH IN CANCER NANOMEDICINE ..................................................... 53
Pooja Jain, Sradhanjali Mohapatra, Nazia Hassan, Manvi Singh, Uzma Farooq, Mohd.
Aamir Mirza and Zeenat Iqbal
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 53
CANCER ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches .......................................................................... 55
Cancer Nanomedicines ............................................................................................................. 56
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE .................................................................................................... 59
Integration of AI and Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy ..................................................... 61
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Approach for Future Healthcare System ................................... 63
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 64
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 65
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 65
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................................. 65
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 65
CHAPTER 7 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-ENABLED MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE
METASTATIC POTENTIAL OF CANCER CELLS ........................................................................... 69
Sarbari Acharya and Chandana Mohanty
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 69
CANCER METASTASIS ................................................................................................................ 70
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER METASTASIS .................................................................................. 71
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CANCER DETECTION ................................................ 72
ROLE OF AI MODELS FOR PREDICTING CANCER METASTASIS .................................. 73
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 75
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 75
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 75
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 75
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 75
CHAPTER 8 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR CANCER NANOTHERANOSTICS ............ 78
Sarbari Acharya
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 78
CANCER IMAGING ....................................................................................................................... 79
THERANOSTICS AND NANOTHERANOSTICS ...................................................................... 79
ROLE OF NANOTHERANOSTICS IN CANCER MANAGEMENT ....................................... 80
AI IN NANOMEDICINE FOR CANCER THERAPY ................................................................. 81
AI AND NANOTHERANOSTICS .................................................................................................. 82
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 83
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 83
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 83
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 83
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 83
CHAPTER 9 ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
HEALTHCARE ......................................................................................................................................... 86
Ajit Kumar Behura
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 86
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING AI IN HEALTH CARE ................................ 87
CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 89
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION .................................................................................................. 89
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ........................................................................................................... 89
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 89
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 90
SUBJECT INDEX ..................................................................................................................................... 91
i
FOREWORD
It give me immense pleasure to write the foreword of the e-book “Artificial Intelligence
Based Cancer Nanomedicine: Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Bioethics” by Dr Fahima
Dilnawaz and Dr Ajit Kumar Behura. This book offers an all-inclusive upcoming aspects of
the recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology in one of worst
medical challenges of modern age, cancer treatment, diagnostics. The devastating global
casualty to the tune of 10 million deaths per year in 2020 is no less alarming. The authors
took an initiative to address this gigantic problem through the use of AI and nanomedicine.
The amalgamation of AI and nanotechnology enables in realization of the goal of precision
medicine for cancer patients. The field of nanomedicine has made significant strides in the
areas of cancer therapeutics and diagnostic development. Although, nanomedicine has
provided tremendous improvement over conventional cancer treatment, this new avenue
needs continuous improvement. Nanomedicine-based drug delivery is often uses an approach
of fixed dose and repeated administration of fixed doses as the case demands. It gives a
persistent challenge as drug synergy is time-dependent, dose-dependent and patient-specific at
any given point of treatment. In the field of nano-informatics, machine learning (ML) and AI
and artificial neural network (ANN) and many computational models have been used in
diverse fields of medical imaging and therapeutics to process large datasets and recognize
complex patterns for improved design of nanotechnologies for diagnostics and treatment.
Particularly in cancer, the high intra-tumor and inter-patient heterogeneities pose difficulty for
the rational design of diagnosis and therapeutic platform. In this regard, the integration of AI
with cancer nanomedicine can bridge the gap, through the pattern analysis and classification
of algorithms for improved diagnostic and therapeutic accuracy.
This up-to-date book incorporates the advancement of AI and nanotechnology-based cancer
nanomedicine in a comprehensive manner for the next generation of disease treatment. This
book gives a in-depth information regarding cancer drug designing, diagnostics, drug-
modeling, prediction modeling, nano-sensors, theranostics, and bioethics. The book delivers
the texts in lucid language with suitable pictorial presentations of different concepts that will
help the reader a better understanding of the subject. I am convinced that Dr. Fahima
Dilnawaz and Dr. Ajit Kumar Behura have done a focused, detailed work in compiling and
editing this cutting edge comprehensive E-book on AI-based cancer nanomedicine and
emerging bioethical principle, written by experts, researchers and academicians. I wish this
noteworthy and extraordinary compilation of scientific articles will undoubtedly bring
additional wealth of information and knowledge to a cross disciplinary readership from the
field of medicine, pharmaceutical science, social and legal expertise, and basic science. This
book will have an innovative and thought provoking effect in the modern medical biology.
Prof. A.N. Misra
Distinguished Professor
Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar,Odisha
Former Vice Chancellor, Khalikote University (State), Odisha
Vice Chancellor (Actg), Central University of Jharkhand
Former Professor
Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand
Biosciences & Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha
Botany, Utkal University, Odisha and Pune University, Maharastra
ii
PREFACE
Nanomedicine field is evolving with drug formulation and their multifunctional approaches to
act smartly in its therapeutic and diagnostic function . Nanomedicine-based drug therapy, are
normally explored at a fixed dose. Which creates insistent challenges at any given point of
time as, the drug synergy is time-dependent, dose-dependent and moreover patient-specific.
To overcome this challenge application of artificial intelligence (AI) along with nanomedicine
can serve as a helping tool for optimizing the drug and dose parameters. Conversion between
these two fields enables upgradation of patient data acquisition, improved design of
nanomaterials. In cancer the high intratumor and interpatient heterogeneity behaviour is quite
difficult to plan for a rational therapeutic design and further to analyse their output is
extremely difficult. In this scenario application and integration of AI based approaches such
as pattern analysis and algorithms models can bridge the gap, for improved accuracy of
diagnostics and therapeutics. With the help of AI algorithms large datasets can be processed,
complex patterns can be exploited for improvement of nanotechnology based design for
cancer diagnostics and treatments. Application of precision cancer nanomedicine is highly
essential as every patient is unique. Patient groups have varied differences, such as age,
gender, height, eye color, blood type as well as unique molecular signatures, which leads to
different phenotypic changes and wide-ranging of drug responses amongst patients. Further,
patients vary substantially with regard to the dosages needed to attain drug synergy, and
desirable degree of drug exposure to reach optimal treatment outcomes. Optimization of
dosing in oncology highly essential, often dose reductions are implemented to manage
treatment-related toxicity and it faces key challenges while translating it to a clinical practice
for dosing establishment. This type of challenges can be addresses via recent advances in AI.
In this regard, AI plays a critical role in reconciling this space into an actionable treatment
response.
In the era of computer aided technology, almost all field are involved with information
technology. AI is the amalgamation of computer ethics and bioethics. During application all
aspects of research technology pertaining to the their field needs to be ethics free so that they
can be freely used for human welfare. These AI enabled novel technologies based therapy
needs to be followed at all levels the ethical principles like human privacy, dignity, justice,
morality and fair access to the knowledge for possible beneficial of therapy. The book entitled
“Artificial Intelligence Based Cancer Nanomedicine: Diagnostics, Therapeutics and
Bioethics”. by Dr. Fahima Dilnawaz and Dr. Ajit Kumar Behura exemplifies various modes
of the application of AI towards cancer nanomedicine and its related aspects of bioethics. This
book indeed is a modest effort to the several approaches of cancer nanomedicine having a
broad readership that includes researchers, scholars, academicians, clinicians and their allied
partners. The authors have made intensive efforts by inviting various reputed contributors to
contribute their views.
This book is divided into several chapters: Need of Artificial intelligence in cancer
nanomedicine, Application of artificial intelligence for designing cancer nanomedicine,
Artificial intelligence and its application in cancer nanomedicine, Artificial intelligent based
diagnostic design for precision cancer nanomedicine, Artificial intelligent based nanosensors
to compose the patient’s cancer biomarker profile, Artificial Intelligence as a putative tool for
newer drug development approach in cancer nanomedicine, Artificial intelligence-enabled
model for predicting metastatic potential of cancer cells, Artificial intelligence for cancer
nanotheranostics, Ethical dimensions of using artificial intelligence in healthcare. Each
chapter provides surfeit of advanced information. Summarily, the book offers collection of
qualitative information on various applications of AI based nanomedicine that can be aptly