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Other World Scientific Titles by the Author
Causality, Correlation and Artificial Intelligence for Rational
Decision Making
ISBN: 978-981-4630-86-3
Handbook of Machine Learning
Volume 1: Foundation of Artificial Intelligence
ISBN: 978-981-3271-22-7
Handbook of Machine Learning
Volume 2: Optimization and Decision Making
ISBN: 978-981-120-566-8
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Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ndzendze, Bhaso, author. | Marwala, Tshilidzi, 1971– author.
Title: Artificial intelligence and emerging technologies in international relations /
Bhaso Ndzendze, Tshilidzi Marwala.
Description: Hackensack, New Jersey : World Scientific, [2021] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020055715 | ISBN 9789811234545 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9789811234552 (ebook for institutions) | ISBN 9789811234569 (ebook for individuals)
Subjects: LCSH: Technology and international relations. |
Artificial intelligence--Political aspects. | Geopolitics.
Classification: LCC JZ1254 .N47 2021 | DDC 327--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020055715
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2021 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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Printed in Singapore
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Preface
Seismic changes are sweeping the globe because of the Fourth Indus-
trialRevolution(4IR).The4IRisanerawheretechnologiesarebecoming
intelligentandthusblurringthelinesbetweenthecyber,physicalandbio-
logical spaces.The technologies that are driving these changes include
Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain and Internet of Things.These technolo-
gies are transforming every sphere of human activity and interaction; no
sphere is left untouched — from security threats, to commercial flows, to
internationallaw.Yetchangesofatechnologicalnaturearenotanewphe-
nomenon.Indeed,thepresentworldisaresultofchangeswhichtookplace
inthepast.
This text is an overview of technology dynamics in International Rela-
tions (IR). In seven chapters, this book reviews the interconnectedness
between technology and the international political economy.The book is
particularly concerned with the development, deployment, transfer, man-
agementanddisposaloftechnologiesinhistoricalandcontemporaryper-
spective.It begins with the life cycles of technologies (Chapter 2) before
examininginternationally-produceddomesticdilemmasanddevelopments
(Chapters3–5)andtheroletechnologyplaysinIRasinternationalactors
seek to maximize the gains and minimize the downsides of technology
(Chapters 6–8).In this arena, technology emerges as a subject of diplo-
macy, as well as its catalyst and increasingly diplomacy’s focal point in
termsoftransnationalissues.
v
B1948 Governing Asia
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Acknowledgements
WewishtoexpressourappreciationtotheincrediblestaffatWorldScientific
for their incredible support throughout the writing and production of this
book.OureditorYuShanTayplayedacriticalroleinallthevariousstages
of the project, from proposal to manuscript to the production of the book.
Commentsbytheanonymousreviewerspolishedtheworkfurther.Weare
thankfulfortheirinputs.
As a token of our appreciation, this book is dedicated to the staff and
students of the University of Johannesburg, who have shown resilience
and adaptability throughout the difficulties and challenges brought on by
theCOVID-19pandemic.Theirembraceof,andcriticalengagementwith,
the various aspects of the 4IR has provided the environment needed for
thepursuitoftheideasexploredinthisvolume.
SpecialthanksinthisregardalsogoestoourstudentsinthePOL8X27
group(TechnologyDynamicsinInternationalRelations)classof2020,from
whose lectures many elements of this book were developed or further
honed.Their dedication and enthusiasm towards the module in the face
ofunprecedentedconditionswasinspiring.
BhasoNdzendze,PhDandTshilidziMarwala,PhD
Johannesburg
April2021
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Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
ListofAbbreviations xi
ListofFigures xv
ListofTables xvii
Chapter1. Introduction:ArtificialIntelligenceandOther
EmergingTechnologies 1
Chapter2. TechnologyandSocietyinHistoricalContext 17
Chapter3. TechnologyFlowsandTransfers 39
Chapter4. Policy,PoliticsandEmergingTechnologies 63
Chapter5. Infrastructure,IndustrialisationandDevelopment 85
Chapter6. TechnologyandWar 101
Chapter7. TechnologyandRegionalIntegration 125
Chapter8. DiplomaticEngagementandTechnology 141
Chapter9. Conclusion: TowardsanInternationalRelations
TechnologyResearchAgenda 159
Index 165
ix
