Table Of ContentARSENIC
TOXICITY
Prevention and Treatment
ARSENIC
TOXICITY
Prevention and Treatment
Edited by
Narayan Chakrabarty
Scientific Consultant & Director
West Bengal Biotechnology Development Corporation Ltd
Government of West Bengal, India
Visiting Professor
Post-Graduate Department of Zoology
Maulana Azad College
West Bengal, India
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editor ........................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Section i A rsenic toxicity, Propagation, and
Proliferation
Chapter 1 Introduction to Arsenic Toxicity ..........................................................3
Narayan Chakrabarty
Chapter 2 Arsenic Poisoning and Its Health Effects ..........................................17
Ok-Nam Bae, Kyung-Min Lim, and Jin-Ho Chung
Chapter 3 Arsenic Toxicity: Toxicity, Manifestation, and Geographical
Distribution .........................................................................................45
Yuhu Li and Zhihong Liu
Chapter 4 Geochemistry of Arsenic and Toxic Response ..................................79
Dionisios Panagiotaras, Dimitrios Papoulis, and Elias Stathatos
Section ii R emediation
Chapter 5 Introduction to Remediation of Arsenic Toxicity: Application
of Biological Treatment Methods for Remediation of Arsenic
Toxicity from Groundwaters ............................................................113
Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis, Manassis Mitrakas,
and Anastasios I. Zouboulis
Chapter 6 Remediation of Arsenic Toxicity .....................................................133
Sudeshna Mukherjee, Sanjay Kumar Verma,
and Rajdeep Chowdhury
v
vi Contents
Chapter 7 Bioremediation of Arsenic Toxicity .................................................155
Nguyen Van Hue
Chapter 8 Bioremediation for the Removal of Arsenic ....................................167
Dayene C. Carvalho, Luciana M. Coelho, Luciene M. Coelho,
Helen C. de Rezende, Nívia M.M. Coelho, and Thais S. Neri
Chapter 9 Remediation in Food ........................................................................187
Domingo A. Román-Silva
Chapter 10 Arsenic in the Soil–Plant System: Phytotoxicity
and Phytoremediation .......................................................................219
Rebeca Manzano, Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez, and Elvira Esteban
Chapter 11 Mitigation of Arsenic Toxicity by Plant Products ............................235
Tetsuro Agusa
Section iii t reatment
Chapter 12 Treatment of Arsenic Poisoning: Diagnosis with Biomarkers .........349
Michael F. Hughes
Chapter 13 Chronic Arsenicosis: Clinical Features and Diagnosis ....................375
Anupam Das, Rudrajit Paul, and Nilay Kanti Das
Chapter 14 Management of Chronic Arsenicosis: An Overview .......................401
Piyush Kumar, Rudrajit Paul, Amrita Sil, and Nilay Kanti Das
Section iV R emediation of Arsenic by
nutraceuticals and Functional Food
Chapter 15 Influence of Nutraceuticals in Combating Arsenic Toxicity ............431
Nidhi Dwivedi, Vidhu Pachauri, and S.J.S. Flora
Contents vii
Chapter 16 Influence of Functional Foods in Combating Arsenic Toxicity .......481
Debasis Bagchi, Anand Swaroop, and Manashi Bagchi
A Running Commentary on the Remediation
and Treatment of Arsenic Toxicity.....................................................................491
Glossary ................................................................................................................495
Index ......................................................................................................................497
Preface
Arsenic is the most talked about metalloid in the modern world. It is a well-
established fact that the toxicity of this element covers two-thirds of the world.
Initially, its toxicity was found in Third World countries, particularly Southeast
Asian countries. In the early part of the twentieth century, people were not aware
of arsenic’s toxicity. It was used in drugs such as Fowler’s solution. Later, its toxic
manifestation on the skin was noticed.
Arsenic was used as a chemical for slow poisoning, leading to murder in the
Middle Ages. Some notable cases are the deaths of King Faisal bin Al Husain in
1938 [1], George III of England [2], Napoleon Bonaparte [3], and Emperor Guangxu
of China [4].
Arsenic affects the liver, kidney, and lungs [5]. It also leads to cardiovascular
diseases [6], cancer [7], and diabetes [8]. Longtime exposure to arsenic may lead to
night blindness [9]. It interferes with the metabolic activity by inhibiting the function
of pyruvate dehydrogenase and thereby inhibits cell functions. Arsenic also acts as a
catalyst in converting normal stem cells into carcinogenic stem cells [10].
In this book, we have attempted to present a vivid picture of the source of arsenic.
The main source is groundwater, followed by exposure through food, the most
affected of which is rice. There are some occupational exposures to arsenic as well.
Inorganic arsenic is used in glass production, nonferrous alloy manufacturing, wood
preservation, and semiconductor manufacturing units.
The book then presents methods for arsenic removal, mainly from soil and water.
Some modern, eco-friendly bioremediation techniques are discussed in detail.
Classical as well as modern treatment methods are discussed. Special emphasis is
given to using nutraceuticals and functional foods for the remediation of arsenic
toxicity.
I dedicate this work to my father, the fountain of inspiration in my life, the late
Bhabani Prasad Chakrabarty. I express my sincerest gratitude and thanks to my
beloved friend, Dr. Debasis Bagchi. Without his inspiration and guidance, I would
not have completed this book. Special thanks to my daughter, Diotima Chakrabarty,
a software engineer by profession, who has devoted her invaluable time to coordinate
the chapters and format the book. My sincerest thanks to all my eminent contributors
who have enriched the book.
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