armenia comprehensive food security, vulnerability and nutrition analysis

104 Pages·2017·11.45 MB·English

ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE
FOOD SECURITY,
VULNERABILITY AND
NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
April 2016*
Revised: December 2017
ISBN 978-9939-831-98-5 © World Food Programme, 2016
ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
Foreword
Food insecurity and a dual malnutrition burden remain major challenges in Armenia, hampering the realization
of the full human and socio-economic potential of the population. Despite the economic growth over the last
decade, the level of food insecurity has been stagnant over the past five years, and there is growing disparity
between the food insecure and food secure. Hunger has many costs: child undernutrition negatively impacts
the Gross Domestic Product of the country as a result of increased healthcare costs and lower productivity.
It also adds to education costs: food-insecure households are less educated and allocate less of their overall
income to education expenses.
Poor nutrition causes irreversible damage to children. It affects brain and body development, and school
achievement, as well as health and productivity later in life. Pregnancy and early childhood – the first 1,000
days – are especially critical. This underlines the importance of improving nutrition for mothers and young
children. Access to nutritious food and awareness of its importance is crucial for a healthy, strong and produc-
tive population in the future.
Tackling food insecurity and child malnutrition requires new approaches to address the Sustainable Devel-
opment Goals comprehensively, as they are all interlinked. The new food and food security systems, which
include safety nets, need to play a bigger role in economic and social development. They must be inclusive, nu-
tritious and healthy, climate smart, sustainable, business-friendly and productive.
This report was jointly developed by the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (NSS RA),
the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). It
presents Armenia’s current socio-economic, poverty, food security and nutrition status, combined with trend
analysis from 2008. It analyses data from the Integrated Living Conditions Surveys for the period 2008–2014
and identifies areas where measures could be taken, and areas where further investment would improve food
and nutrition security and strengthen resilience to the risks that households face.
The report conveys several key messages for decision and policy-makers: 1) education is critical for improved
food security; 2) a dual burden of malnutrition exists across the country among children under 5, with large
numbers of both stunted and overweight children; 3) volatility in global and regional economies impedes Ar-
menia’s economic growth, and 4) the majority of the country‘s population is at risk of one or more natural
hazards.
The report suggests that with joint efforts and with a greater coordination among all stakeholders, it is possi-
ble to develop and implement comprehensive national food security (in its three dimensions - availability, ac-
cess and utilization) and nutrition policy along a life-cycle approach, which will help address the current food
insecurity and malnutrition in the country.
Mr Stepan Mnatsakanyan
President of the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia
Mrs Pascale Micheau
WFP Armenia Country Director and Representative
Mrs Tanja Radocaj
UNICEF Armenia Country Representative
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
Acknowledgements
This analysis was initiated by the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) Armenia and jointly
developed with the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (NSS RA) and the United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Armenia. The support of the key government ministries of the Republic of
Armenia (Health, Education and Science, Labour and Social Affairs, Agriculture, Territorial Administration and
Development, and Emergency Situations) was invaluable at all stages.
The report was prepared by a team composed by Cinzia Papavero (WFP consultant), Eugenie Reidy (WFP
consultant), Elmira Bakhshinyan (WFP/Armenia) and Janne Utkilen (WFP/Regional Bureau Cairo), with the
guidance of WFP Armenia staff (Pascale Micheau, Luca Molinas, Eduard Shirinyan, Vanja Karanovic, and Grigori
Grigoryants). Instrumental direction was provided by experts in the WFP regional office (Mariko Kawabata)
and at Headquarters (Nadine Lombardo).
Vital data, inputs and revision of drafts was provided by the partner agencies NSS RA and UNICEF Armenia.
Other contributors included the FAO Representation in Armenia; Eleonora Dupouy, Food Safety and
Consumer Protection Officer, FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia; Mauricio Rosales, Capacity
Development Officer, FAO HQ; and Anna Jenderedjian, World Bank.
The team wish to thank all those involved for their interest in, and contributions to, this study.
It is hoped that this report will serve as a valuable resource for government and development actors
throughout Armenia by improving the availability of updated information on food and nutrition security.
For questions and comments concerning this study, please contact:
National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia
Mr Stepan Mnatsakanyan, President [email protected]
WFP Country Office Armenia
Mrs Pascale Micheau, Country Director and Representative [email protected]
UNICEF Country Office Armenia
Mrs Tanja Radocaj, Country Representative [email protected]
Cover photo credits: from the left: WFP/Liana Kharatian; Ministry of Agriculture of the RA; UNICEF Armenia.
Map designations used: The depictions and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps and included in
tables throughout the document are not warranted to be error-free, nor do they necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance
by the World Food Programme.
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
Table of Contents
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................................................................4
List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................................................7
Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................................8
Conclusions and recommendations ....................................................................................................................................10
Report Structure ...............................................................................................................................................................................12
1. Background and methodology ..........................................................................................................................................13
1.1 Rationale of the analysis ......................................................................................................................................................13
1.2. Country background .............................................................................................................................................................13
1.2.1 Political and socio-economic trends ........................................................................................................................13
1.2.2 Population trends ...........................................................................................................................................................14
1.2.3 GDP trends and composition .....................................................................................................................................14
1.2.4 Public health ...................................................................................................................................................................16
1.3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................................................17
1.3.1 Food security and nutrition framework and concepts ..........................................................................................17
1.3.2 Data sources ...................................................................................................................................................................20
1.3.3 Limitations of the study ................................................................................................................................................21
2. Food insecurity trends and the profile of food-insecure households ........................................................23
2.1 Food insecurity trends ..........................................................................................................................................................23
2.1.1 National trends .............................................................................................................................................................23
2.1.2 Trends in urban and rural areas ..................................................................................................................................24
2.1.3 Status of food security by area ...................................................................................................................................25
2.2 Profile of food-insecure households ................................................................................................................................26
2.2.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................26
2.2.2 Household demographics and education .................................................................................................................26
2.2.3 Food utilization .............................................................................................................................................................27
2.2.4 Food access ....................................................................................................................................................................30
2.2.5 Food availability .............................................................................................................................................................32
2.2.6 Stability ............................................................................................................................................................................33
3. Socio-economic trends influencing food security in Armenia .......................................................................34
3.1 Food access .................................................................................................................................................................................34
3.1.1 Poverty and inequality .................................................................................................................................................34
3.1.2 Unemployment .............................................................................................................................................................37
3.1.3 Remittances and labour migration .............................................................................................................................38
3.2 Food availability .......................................................................................................................................................................39
4. Stability of food security – shocks and stresses ......................................................................................................42
4.1 Human-induced shocks and stresses ..............................................................................................................................43
4.1.1 Crises in external economies: global and regional .................................................................................................43
4.1.2 Political tensions ............................................................................................................................................................45
4.1.3 Energy crises ...................................................................................................................................................................45
4.1.4 Emigration .......................................................................................................................................................................46
4.1.5 Industrial hazards ...........................................................................................................................................................47
4.2 Natural shocks and stresses ................................................................................................................................................47
4.2.1 Hailstorms and frost .....................................................................................................................................................48
4.2.2 Floods, landslides and mudslides ................................................................................................................................49
4.2.3 Drought ..........................................................................................................................................................................51
4.2.4 Earthquakes ...................................................................................................................................................................52
4.2.5 Climate change and environmental degradation ...................................................................................................53
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
5. Malnutrition – a dual burden ................................................................................................................................................55
5.1 Overall distribution of child malnutrition ....................................................................................................................56
5.2 Stunting ........................................................................................................................................................................................57
5.2.1 Distribution and trends ................................................................................................................................................57
5.2.2 Underlying causes of stunting ....................................................................................................................................58
5.3 Overweight ..................................................................................................................................................................................60
5.3.1 Distribution and trends ...............................................................................................................................................60
5.3.2 Underlying causes of overweight ..............................................................................................................................61
5.4 Micronutrient deficiencies ...................................................................................................................................................63
6. Overlay of natural disaster risk with food insecurity and malnutrition .................................................67
6.1 Natural disaster risk distribution .....................................................................................................................................67
6.2 Food insecurity and malnutrition distribution ..........................................................................................................68
6.2.1 Food insecurity map ......................................................................................................................................................68
6.2.2 Malnutrition distribution ..............................................................................................................................................69
6.3 Combining natural disaster risk, food insecurity and malnutrition .................................................................70
7. Linking food security and nutrition outcomes to policy and programming ........................................73
7.1. Armenia Development Strategy .....................................................................................................................................73
7.2. Existing strategies, policies and programmes ............................................................................................................73
7.2.1 Social protection ............................................................................................................................................................73
7.2.2 Inclusive productivity ....................................................................................................................................................74
7.2.3 Risk reduction ................................................................................................................................................................75
7.2.4 Nutrition awareness ....................................................................................................................................................75
7.2.5 Education to support youth productivity .................................................................................................................76
8. Conclusion and recommendations ..................................................................................................................................77
List of tables, figures, maps and boxes ..................................................................................................................................80
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
List of Acronyms
AMD Armenian Dram
BMI Body Mass Index
CAC DRMI Central Asia and Caucasus Disaster Risk Management Initiative
CARIM Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration
CDC Center for Disease Control
CFSVNA Comprehensive Food Security, Vulnerability and Nutrition Analysis
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
DHS Demographic and Health Survey
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FBP Family Benefit Program
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IDDs Iodine Deficiency Disorders
ILCS Integrated Living Conditions Survey
ILO International Labour Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
Kcal Kilocalorie
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MNDs Micronutrient Deficiencies
NCDs Non-Communicable Diseases
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NSS RA National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
SD Standard Deviation
UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
USA United States of America
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
Executive Summary
This Comprehensive Food Security, Vulnerability and Nutrition Analysis (CFSVNA) describes recent trends in
the distribution of household food insecurity and child malnutrition in Armenia and explores underlying caus-
es for them. It also recommends ways in which the government and its partners could address food insecurity
and malnutrition in Armenia.
After several years of strong economic growth, the Armenian economy contracted by 14 percent1 in 2009, in
the aftermath of the 2008 global economic crisis. Poverty increased sharply, and a combination of this and high
unemployment rates led many Armenians to pursue work opportunities abroad.
In 2014, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 3.6 percent. Although Despite the economic growth over
this was higher than in previous years,2 it did not match pre-crisis levels the last decade, the level of food
of growth. Almost one in three people were living below the poverty line,3 insecurity has been stagnant over
with urban areas outside the capital Yerevan worst affected (35 percent). the past five years, and there is
Unemployment was a serious and growing problem affecting 18 percent of growing disparity between the food
the economically active population;4 it had been increasing since 2012, es- insecure and food secure
pecially among women and young people.5 Yerevan had the highest percent-
age of unemployment, at 27 percent.
Food insecurity increased sharply in Armenia following the global economic crisis, and despite steady eco-
nomic recovery and growth it has remained at a high level ever since. Fifteen percent of all households were
food insecure in 2014, almost twice the level in 2008.6 Data also shows that despite a stagnant rate of food
insecurity, the level of food security has been increasing. This shows that although the situation is improving
for part of the population, those worst off are being left behind. Increasing disparity is also seen in the Gini
coefficient, an indicator for income inequality, which increased from 0.339 in 2008 to 0.373 in 2014.7
Exploring the distribution of food insecurity in 2014, this analysis found a higher prevalence in the north
of the country, and in particular in Tavush (16 percent), Shirak (17 percent), Lori (17 percent) and Yerevan
(18 percent).
A profile of food-insecure households was established. Food insecurity was closely linked to poverty: marzes
(provinces) with the highest share of people below the poverty line (Lori and Shirak) had the highest share of
food-insecure households. Food-insecure households had significantly more unemployed adults (19 percent)
1 NSS RA & World Bank 2015.
2 NSS RA 2016.
3 NSS RA & World Bank 2015.
4 NSS RA 2015b.
5 Unemployment rates in 2014 were 20 percent among women and 37 percent among those aged 20–24.
6 ILCS 2014.
7 ILCS 2014.
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
compared with food-secure households (11 percent), a major concern given Armenia’s high levels of unem-
ployment. Similarly, pensions made up a larger proportion of overall income in food-insecure households, who
also devoted a larger proportion of their overall expenditure to food and had fewer productive assets.
Education is critical for improved food security. Food-insecure households invested less in education than
food-secure households, and they were educated to a lower level. Food-insecure households also had larger
families and were more likely to have a disabled member.
Profile of food-insecure households:
Demographics and ⇒ Less educated and invest less in education
education ⇒ A higher likelihood of having a disabled member
⇒ Larger household size
⇒ Older heads of household
Food utilization ⇒ More food energy deficient
⇒ Higher percentage of staple foods in diet
⇒ Lower consumption of iron-rich foods
Food access ⇒ Higher poverty
⇒ Higher share of food expenditure
⇒ Relied more on pensions in their total income
⇒ More unemployed adults
Food availability ⇒ Fewer productive assets (land and livestock)
Stability ⇒ More money borrowed
⇒ Higher debts
⇒ Higher share of unsustainable income sources
⇒ Remittances make up >75 percent of total income
Food-insecure households borrowed more money and had more debts. They had less sustainable income
sources and most of their income came from remittances – all indicators of unstable food security.
Finally, food-insecure households had poorer diets in terms of both quantity and quality, and they had a lower
consumption of iron-rich foods.
Geographically, north-western Armenia has the highest levels
Methodology of food insecurity and the highest prevalence of malnutrition
among children under 5.
The report’s findings are mainly based on the
Integrated Living Conditions Surveys (ILCS)
In 2014, 19 percent of children under 5 years old were stunt-
for the period 2008–2014. The ILCS is carried
ed and 15 percent were over-
out each year by the National Statistical
weight. While rates of stunting
Service of the Republic of Armenia (NSS RA). A dual burden of
In addition, an extensive literature review and overweight were falling
malnutrition exists across
and secondary data sources were used to among children in rural areas,
the country among
describe the country’s recent socio-economic both were rising in urban areas.
children under 5, with large
trends and risks. The nutrition analysis is In urban areas outside Yerevan,
based on ILCS 2014 anthropometric data and where poverty was higher and numbers of stunted and
the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) education levels lower, 22 per- overweight children
for the period 2000–2010.
cent of children were stunted
A food security framework and corresponding and 17 percent were over-
pillars (availability, access, utilization and weight.
stability) were used to create food security
Child stunting was significantly linked with household pover-
and nutrition indicators. Using ILCS data,
food security profiles were created to reflect ty, poor consumption, poor care and feeding practices, and
households’ current consumption (diet quality lower education of mothers. The prevalence of overweight
and quantity), wealth and the sustainability of was the same across poor and rich households, indicating
their income sources. the need for greater awareness of healthy eating and lifestyle
across the entire population.
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ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SECURITY, VULNERABILITY AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS (CFSVNA)
Overweight children are more likely to become overweight as adults, which poses serious public health con-
cerns. To help develop effective policies, national data collection needs to be improved to understand the
prevalence and causes of overweight.
Deficiencies in micronutrients affect malnutrition and food insecurity; research to understand their preva-
lence and causes is under way in Armenia.8 In this analysis, data from recent years9 shows that food-insecure
households consume a significantly lower level of iron-rich foods, indicating the importance of a nutritionally
diverse diet.
The current level of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in the coun- Volatility in global and
try present a public health risk with significant implications for society and the regional economies impedes
economy, through healthcare costs as well as indirect costs associated with Armenia’s economic growth,
lost productivity.
and the majority of the
country‘s population is at
Together with these concerns, Armenia is a country exposed to multiple risks:
this analysis found that 28 percent of households are at risk of becoming food risk of one or more natural
insecure if affected by any shock. hazards
The recent global and regional economic crises considerably reversed Arme-
nia’s achievements in poverty reduction and pushed many households below the poverty line and into food
insecurity. This underlines the country’s dependence on external economies, and its overall vulnerability to
shocks in them. Such shocks destabilise trade, foreign exchange and the flow of remittances to Armenia. Re-
mittances are a key income source for many households. They make a very significant contribution to the
economy (18 percent of GDP in 2014). A sharp decrease in private remittances from 201510 poses a serious
future risk in terms of poverty and food security.
Armenia is a shock-prone country where the majority of the population is at risk of one or more types of
natural disasters. Earthquakes have the biggest economic impact, but less severe, more frequent shocks have a
direct impact on the country’s productivity and food security. These include hailstorms, frost, flooding, land- or
mudslides and drought. Armenia is also exposed to human-induced hazards, including industrial accidents and
political tensions within the region.
Since food insecurity, malnutrition, poverty and shocks are closely interrelated, analyses need to consider the
wider impacts of changes in each.
Conclusions and recommendations
Many policies and programmes are in place to improve food and nutrition security in Armenia, aligned to crit-
ical strategic frameworks including the Armenia Development Strategy for 2014–25 and the United Nations
Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2016–2020.
This analysis concluded that further investments are needed to improve food and nutrition security, and to
strengthen resilience to the risks households face. The following recommendations were made, based on the
findings of this analysis:
8 DHS 2015
9 ILCS 2008-14
10 IMF Armenia: News Report for March 2, 2016.
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