Table Of ContentArmed Conflict
and International
Law: In Search of
the Human Face
Liber Amicorum in Memory
of Avril McDonald
Mariëlle Matthee
Brigit Toebes
Marcel Brus Editors
Armed Conflict and International Law:
In Search of the Human Face
Mariëlle Matthee Brigit Toebes
•
Marcel Brus
Editors
Armed Conflict and
International Law:
In Search of the
Human Face
Liber Amicorum in Memory
of Avril McDonald
123
Editors
Mariëlle Matthee BrigitToebes
The Hague MarcelBrus
The Netherlands Faculty ofLaw
Universityof Groningen
Groningen
The Netherlands
ISBN 978-90-6704-917-7 ISBN 978-90-6704-918-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-90-6704-918-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013938160
(cid:2)T.M.C.ASSERPRESS,TheHague,TheNetherlands,andtheauthors2013
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Foreword
By the time this book is published it will be about three years ago that Avril
McDonald suddenly passed away, at the age of 44, on 13 April 2010. She left
behind a large group of friends and colleagues and a lot of unfinished projects.
There was so much that she had wished to achieve and that she was passionate
about: her friendships, her research projects, her students. Avril lived an intense
lifeinwhichshe demanded muchofherself andofothers, including herstudents,
inordertorealisethebestachievableresults. Shecouldbeverycriticalofherself
andcouldbeverystraightforwardtoothers,butherenthusiasmandhumourmade
it acceptable to everyone.
Avril had worked very hard to reach the position which she had attained in
2010.InMay2009shewasappointedasRosalindFranklinFellowinInternational
LawandContemporaryConflictattheUniversityofGroningenintheNetherlands
andin2010shewouldhavebecomeadjunctprofessorandentitledtousethetitle
of professor. In this professorship she would have combined her expertise in
international humanitarian law (IHL) with questions related to the use offorce in
international law, in particular on the role of non-state actors in international
conflict. Avril graduated in law in 1987 at Trinity College, Dublin. However, the
firstyearsofhercareerwerenotdedicatedtolawbuttojournalismassheobtained
a graduate diploma in journalism in 1988 and worked for various journals and
magazines in Ireland, Australia and the USA, mainly in New York. In 1995 she
had returned to the study of law and obtained an LLM in Human Rights and
Emergency Law from Queens University in Belfast. Combining her skills as a
journalist and her knowledge of international law she worked at the International
CriminalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslaviaasaLegalAssistantinthePressand
InformationOfficein1996and1997.Herscholarlyambitiondidnotstopthereand
she started working on a Ph.D. thesis at Queen’s University Belfast which she
completed in 2002, while at the same time working in The Hague and at the
T.M.C. Asser Institute as managing editor of the Yearbook of International
HumanitarianLaw(1997–2007)andasHeadoftheinternationalhumanitarianlaw
section at the Asser Institute. Her increasing academic contributions were com-
bined with various teaching posts at various universities in the Netherlands,
includinginGroningen,whereshesucceededProfessorFritsKalshovenin2004as
the lecturer on the course in international humanitarian law.
v
vi Foreword
Avril was a remarkable teacher, capable of making a 7-week course in IHL,
only a half-semester course, to one of the most intense, valuable and also most
liked courses in the curriculum for students specialising in international law. In
theselecturesshereallytriedtosharewiththestudentsherpassionforthisareaof
thelaw.Withherenergeticpresentations,herhumour,hersometimesprovocative
style,sheleftagreatimpressiononmanygroupsofstudentsandarousedalasting
interest in IHL for many. Avril used all her talents in her teaching, but she also
workedveryhardtopreparefullyforeachclassandforgivingstudentsallshehad.
Shecouldbeverydemandingandcritical,butatthesametimeshe wouldalways
be there for students to help them to learn from her critique.
In about 10–20 years Avril was able to become an expert in the field of
internationalhumanitarianlawasisevidentfromhergrowinglistofpublications,
herparticipationintrainingprogrammesandsummerschoolsinvariouscountries
and for audiences ranging from the academic to the military, her active involve-
mentasanorganiser,thechairandmostoftenaspeakerindozensofconferences
and seminars in many places around the world. With her new appointment as the
RosalindFranklinFellowatGroningenUniversityshewasabouttoreapthefruits
ofallherwork.Shehadworkedonabookonprivatemilitarycontractorsinarmed
conflict, a project she had hoped to conclude soon, and was active in developing
her Rosalind Franklin project in which she would focus on various aspects of the
useofarmedforcebynon-stateactorsandtheconsequencesthereofforthefurther
developmentofthelawofpeace andsecurityandinternationalhumanitarianlaw.
With this project she would investigate and comment on international legal
developmentsonthebasisofanunderstandingofthechangednatureofconflictsin
theworldandtheinvolvementofnotonlystatesandtheirarmies,butavarietyof
armed groups, terrorists and criminal organisations not under the control of state
authorities.
Avril’s motivation and inspiration was in essence a humanitarian one; interna-
tionalhumanrightsandtheapplicationoftheconceptofhumanitytointernational
andinternalconflictwereherdrivingforce.Armedconflictandinternationallaw,in
searchofthehumanfaceisthereforeaveryfittingtitleforthisbookdedicatedtoher.
This book is a tribute to Avril from her friends and colleagues. There were many
otherswhowouldhavelikedtocontributebuthadtobedeclinedforvariousreasons.
Avril loved books. Her apartment in The Hague was famous for the large
collection of books she had built up, including a huge number of (international)
law books. Her collection of law books has been donated by her family to the
University of Groningen and has been incorporated in the collection of the
Universitylibraryandcannowbeusedbyhercolleaguesandstudents.Thisbook
ispublishedwiththehelpoftheAvrilMcDonaldMemorialFund,afundsetupby
her colleague Roseland Franklin Fellows and for which activities are organised
every year to replenish the fund. The fund is intended to support talented young
scholars in realising their academic dreams. The book would not have seen the
light of day without the relentless efforts of Brigit Toebes and in particular
Foreword vii
MariëlleMatthee.IntheeditorialphaseMathildeBoshasassistedveryeffectively
in the preparation of this book for publication.
Weareconfidentthatthisbookwillnotonlyberegardedasatributefromthose
who have contributed, but will also help everyone to remember Avril McDonald
for the very special person she was.
Groningen, Spring 2013 Marcel Brus
Professor of Public International Law
University of Groningen
Contents
Part I In Search of Humanitarian Principles
1 Fighting by the Principles: Principles as a Source
of International Humanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jeroen C. van den Boogaard
2 Chivalry: A Principle of the Law of Armed Conflict? . . . . . . . . . 33
Terry Gill
3 Military Robots and the Principle of Humanity: Distorting
the Human Face of the Law? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Hanna Brollowski
4 Some Reflections on Self-defence as an Element in Rules
of Engagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Frits Kalshoven and Thyla Fontein
5 The Current Relevance of the Recognition of Belligerency. . . . . . 115
Sasha Radin
Part II The Human Face by Topic
6 In Search of a Human Face in the Middle East: Addressing
Israeli Impunity for War Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Jeff Handmaker
7 Doctors in Arms: Exploring the Legal and Ethical Position
of Military Medical Personnel in Armed Conflicts. . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Brigit Toebes
ix
x Contents
8 Saving the Past, Present and Future. Thoughts on Mobilising
International Protection for Cultural Property
During Armed Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Pita J. C. Schimmelpenninck van der Oije
9 Watching the Human Rights Watchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Roelof Haveman
Part III Making it Real: In Search of Ways to Apply Justice
10 Armed Conflict and Law Enforcement:
Is There a Legal Divide? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Charles Garraway
11 Friend or Foe? On the Protective Reach of the Law
of Armed Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Jann K. Kleffner
12 Seeking the Truth About Serious International Human Rights
and Humanitarian Law Violations: The Various Facets
of a Cardinal Notion of Transitional Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Théo Boutruche
13 La responsabilité pénale des autorités politiques pour
des crimes de droit international humanitair (DIH). . . . . . . . . . . 327
Eric David
14 Discrepancies Between International Humanitarian Law
on the Battlefield and in the Courtroom: The Challenges
of Applying International Humanitarian Law During
International Criminal Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Rogier Bartels
Abbreviations
AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
AMIS African Union Mission to Sudan
ANCBS Association of National Committees of the Blue Shield
BMA British Medical Association
CCW Certain Conventional Weapons
CDF Civil Defence Forces
CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
CETC (F) Chambre de la Cour suprême du Cambodge
CPI (F) Cour pénale internationale
DARPA American Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DIH (F) Droit international humanitaire
DoD Department of Defense of the United States
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
DRTF Disaster Relieffor Museums Task Force
ECCC Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
ECHR European Convention for the protection of Human Rights
ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group
FDLR (F) Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda
GHF Global Heritage Fund
HRL Human Rights Law
HRW Human Rights Watch
IAC International Armed Conflict
ICA International Council of Archives
ICBS International Committee of the Blue Shield
ICC International Criminal Court
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICL International Criminal Law
ICOM International Council of Museums
ICOMOS International Council of Monuments and Sites
xi
