ARM Assembly Language_ Fundamentals and Techniq..

448 Pages·2014·3.91 MB·English

Computer Science and Engineering Hohl
Hinds
“Assembly language programming is still the best way to learn about the A
internals of processors and this is one of a very few books that teaches that
R
skill for ARM® processors. It covers the necessary material in a well-organized
manner. Updated for newer versions of ARM processors, it adds good material M
on floating-point arithmetic that was missing from the first edition.”
—Ronald W. Mehler, California State University, Northridge, USA

A
“This text retains the ease of using the ARM7TDMI while moving the
F
student [or reader] into the more capable Cortex-M4. …The addition of the uS
Cortex-M4 makes this a much stronger text.” n
S
—Ralph Tanner, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA d
a
E
m
Delivering a solid introduction to assembly language and embedded
eM
systems, ARM Assembly Language: Fundamentals and Techniques, Second
n
Edition continues to support the popular ARM7TDMI, but also addresses the t
latest architectures from ARM, including Cortex™-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M aB
l
s
processors—all of which have slightly different instruction sets, programmer’s aL
models, and exception handling.
nY
d
Featuring three brand-new chapters, a new appendix, and expanded
T
L
coverage of the ARM7™, this edition: e
cA
h
• Discusses IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic and explains how to
n
program with the IEEE standard notation iN
q
u
• Contains step-by-step directions for the use of Keil™ MDK-ARM and eG
Texas Instruments (TI) Code Composer Studio™ s
U
• Provides a resource to be used alongside a variety of hardware
evaluation modules, such as TI’s Tiva Launchpad, STMicroelectronics’ A
iNemo and Discovery, and NXP Semiconductors’ Xplorer boards
G
Written by experienced ARM processor designers, ARM Assembly
E
Language: Fundamentals and Techniques, Second Edition covers the
topics essential to writing meaningful assembly programs, making it an ideal
textbook and professional reference.
SECOND
EDITION
K22631
ISBN: 978-1-4822-2985-1
90000
9 781482229851
K22631_COVER_final.indd 1 9/12/14 3:07 PM

S E C O N D E D I T I O N
ARM ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
Fundamentals and Techniques

S E C O N D E D I T I O N
ARM ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
Fundamentals and Techniques
William Hohl
Christopher Hinds
ARM, Inc., Austin, Texas
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by William Hohl and Christopher Hinds
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140915
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2986-8 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
To our families

Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xxi
Authors .................................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter 1 An Overview of Computing Systems ...................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 History of RISC .........................................................................3
1.2.1 ARM Begins ................................................................5
1.2.2 The Creation of ARM Ltd. ...........................................7
1.2.3 ARM Today ..................................................................9
1.2.4 The Cortex Family .....................................................10
1.2.4.1 The Cortex-A and Cortex-R Families .........10
1.2.4.2 The Cortex-M Family .................................11
1.3 The Computing Device ............................................................12
1.4 Number Systems ......................................................................15
1.5 Representations of Numbers and Characters ..........................18
1.5.1 Integer Representations ..............................................18
1.5.2 Floating-Point Representations ..................................21
1.5.3 Character Representations ..........................................23
1.6 Translating Bits to Commands ................................................24
1.7 The Tools .................................................................................25
1.7.1 Open Source Tools .....................................................27
1.7.2 Keil (ARM) ................................................................27
1.7.3 Code Composer Studio ...............................................28
1.7.4 Useful Documentation ................................................30
1.8 Exercises ..................................................................................30
Chapter 2 The Programmer’s Model ..................................................................33
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................33
2.2 Data Types ...............................................................................33
2.3 ARM7TDMI ...........................................................................34
2.3.1 Processor Modes ........................................................34
2.3.2 Registers .....................................................................35
2.3.3 The Vector Table ........................................................38
2.4 Cortex-M4 ................................................................................39
2.4.1 Processor Modes ........................................................40
2.4.2 Registers .....................................................................40
2.4.3 The Vector Table ........................................................42
2.5 Exercises ..................................................................................43
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Introduction to Instruction Sets: v4T and v7-M .................................45
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................45
3.2 ARM, Thumb, and Thumb-2 Instructions ..............................46
3.3 Program 1: Shifting Data.........................................................46
3.3.1 Running the Code .......................................................47
3.3.2 Examining Register and Memory Contents ...............49
3.4 Program 2: Factorial Calculation ............................................51
3.5 Program 3: Swapping Register Contents .................................53
3.6 Program 4: Playing with Floating-Point Numbers ..................54
3.7 Program 5: Moving Values between Integer and Floating-
Point Registers .........................................................................55
3.8 Programming Guidelines ........................................................56
3.9 Exercises ..................................................................................57
Chapter 4 Assembler Rules and Directives .........................................................59
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................59
4.2 Structure of Assembly Language Modules .............................59
4.3 Predefined Register Names .....................................................63
4.4 Frequently Used Directives .....................................................63
4.4.1 Defining a Block of Data or Code ..............................63
4.4.1.1 Keil Tools ....................................................64
4.4.1.2 Code Composer Studio Tools .....................65
4.4.2 Register Name Definition ...........................................66
4.4.2.1 Keil Tools ....................................................66
4.4.2.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................66
4.4.3 Equating a Symbol to a Numeric Constant ................66
4.4.3.1 Keil Tools ....................................................67
4.4.3.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................67
4.4.4 Declaring an Entry Point ............................................67
4.4.5 Allocating Memory and Specifying Contents ...........68
4.4.5.1 Keil Tools ....................................................68
4.4.5.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................69
4.4.6 Aligning Data or Code to Appropriate Boundaries ......70
4.4.6.1 Keil Tools ....................................................70
4.4.6.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................71
4.4.7 Reserving a Block of Memory ...................................71
4.4.7.1 Keil Tools ....................................................71
4.4.7.2 Code Composer Studio ...............................71
4.4.8 Assigning Literal Pool Origins ..................................72
4.4.9 Ending a Source File ..................................................72
4.5 Macros .....................................................................................73
4.6 Miscellaneous Assembler Features .........................................74
4.6.1 Assembler Operators ..................................................74
4.6.2 Math Functions in CCS ..............................................76
4.7 Exercises ..................................................................................77