Arithmetic for Lower Secondary Schools

294 Pages·1958·6.93 MB·English

by  Gopal Krishna Gokhale

A r i t h m e t ic
Wk • . I
* .
FOR LOWER
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
G. K. GOKHALE, b A
slfACMILLAN AND CO LIMITED
- - •
Bombay Calcutta Madras London
ARITHMETIC FOR LOWER SECONDARY
SCHOOLS.
ARITHMETIC
FOR
t f W^ IfcCONDARY SCHOOL
flJ^jijf'KRTS&NA G^KHALE, B.A.
-JFESSOR, FERGU5SON COLLEGE, POONA; FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
BOMBAY; AUTHOR OF "ARITHMETIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS"
Jvx LJUVAI AA^
BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, MADRAS, LONDON
1958
MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED
LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED
TORONTO
ST MARTIN'S PRESS JN£
NEW YORK
This book is copyright in alt countries which
are signatories to the Berne Convention.
MADE AND PRINTED IN INDIA FROM PLATES
BY BRUCE PAGE AT THE I. S. S. D. PRESS,
95 B, CHITTARANJAN AVENUE, CALCUTTA.
PREFACE.
THIS book bas been specially written for the lower
classes of Indian High Schools, for whom my " Arithmetic
:for High Schools " is found to be too difficult.
G. K. GOKHALE.
FERGUSSON COLLEGE,
POONA, April, 1902.

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
NOTATION AND NUMERATION, - L
CHAPTER II.
THE FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS, 7
ADDITION, I
SUBTRACTION, 10
MULTIPLICATION, 14
DIVISION, 19
SIGNS, 29
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, 32
CHAPTER III.
MEASURES AND MULTIPLES, - 3?
GREATEST COMMON MEASURE, - - - - 39
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE, 41
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, 44
CHAPTER IV.
FRACTIONS, 47
CONVERSION OP FRACTIONS, - - - - -- 49
ADDITION OF FRACTIONS, 56
SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS, 58
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS, 62
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS, 64
G.C.M. AND L.C.M. OF FRACTIONS, 67
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, 69
vii
viii CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
PAGB
DECIMALS, - - - - - - - -- 76
ADDITION OF DECIMALS, 81
SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS, - - - - -- 82
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS, - - - -- 83
DIVISION OF DECIMALS, - - - - - -- 85
G.C.M. AND L.C.M. OF DECIMALS, 80
REDUCTION OF VULGAK FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS ; RE-
CURRING DECIMALS ; APPROXIMATIONS, 90
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
OF RECURRING DECIMALS, 95
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, 97
CHAPTER VI.
ROOTS, - - - - - - - - - - 102
SQUARE ROOT, 102
CUBE ROOT, - - - 10D
CHAPTER VII.
CONCRETE NUMBERS, - - - - - US
TABLES OF ENGLISH MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, 113
REDUCTION, 122
COMPOUND ADDITION, : 129
COMPOUND SUBTRACTION, 132
COMPOUND MULTIPLICATION, - 133 ^
COMPOUND DIVISION, 136
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS, 140
REDUCTION OF DECIMALS, 143
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, 147
CHAPTER VIII.
PRACTICE, - - - - - - - - -- 153
SIMPLE PRACTICE, 153
COMPOUND PRACTICE, 156
INVOICES AND BILLS, 158
CONTENTS. ix
CHAPTER IX.
PAGE
UNITARY METHOD, - 160
CHAPTER X.
PROPORTION, - -- -- -- -- 164
RATIO AND PROPORTION, - 164
SIMPLE PROPORTION, . . . . . .. 167
COMPOUND PROPORTION, ; 176
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, . . . . .. 181
CHAIN RULE, 189
PROPORTIONAL PARTS, - 191
TIME AND WORK, 193
CHAPTER XI.
AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES, - - - -- 197
CHAPTER XII.
INTEREST, - - - - 2 01
SIMPLE INTEREST, - - . - - . -. 201
COMPOUND INTEREST, . . . . .. I 206
CHAPTER XIII.
" 'PRESENT WORTH AND DISCOUNT, . . .. 212
CHAPTER XIV.
PROFIT AND LOSS, - - - - - - - - 2 17
CHAPTER XV
SQUARE MEASURE, - 221
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES, 227
CONTENTS.
APPENDIX.
PA8B
I. THE METRIC SYSTEM, 238
II. CONTRACTED MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS, • - • 242
III. CONTRACTED DIVISION OF DECIMALS, . . .. 245
IV. EXCHANGE, - - - - 249
V. EXAMPLES, - S « » « ® » - • 262
ANSWERS, » • ~ « * « «• - 206