Table Of Content'
ARISTOTLE
AND
THE EARLIER PERIPATETICS
BEING A TBANSLATION FROM
ZELLEB'S PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEKS
'
BY
B. F. C. COSTELLOE, M.A.
AND
MUIEHEAD,
J. H. M.A.
IN TWO VOLUMES—VOL. I.
LONGMANS, GBEEN, AND
CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1897
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TO
THE MASTEE OF BALLIOL
TBANSLATOBS' NOTE.
The following translation embraces Part II. Div. II.
of the third edition of Dr. Bduard Zeller's work on
'The PhilosophyoftheGreeksinitsHistoricalDevelop-
ment.' It is made with Dr. Zeller's sanction, and
completes the series of volumes issued from time to
time by Messrs. Longmans as translations of the
various sections ofthat exhaustive work. Mr. Costelloe
is chiefly responsible for the translation of text and
notes up to the middle of Chapter VII., and for
Chapter XIX.to the end; Mr. Muirhead for the middle
portion. In most instances, however, both translators
haverevisedthesheets. Incallingattentiontothetable
of Corrigenda, which is longer than might reasonably
be expected in a work of this kind, the editors desire
to explain that, owing to an accident for which the
translatorwas not responsible, thesheets ofthat portion
of the text in which the greater part of them occur
TRANSLATORS' NOTE
Tiii
were passed through the press before he had seen them
in proof. In dealing with some parts of Zeller's notes
a certain liberty has been taken with the German text
withaviewto condensing the materialwhere this could
be done without impairing its value. The treatise is
believed to be the only work accessible to English
readers which is a complete and accurate exposition of
the Aristotelian doctrine. The student will find ample
guidanceastoDr. Zeller's planintheTable ofContents,
which is in fact an index of subject matters ; and the
arrangement adopted by Dr. Zeller is so logical and
clear that it has not been considered necessary to
burden the translation with an exhaustive verbal index.
CONTENTS
OP
THE FIRST VOLUME
CHAPTER
I
THE LIFE OP ARISTOTLE
Year of his birth, his family and youth, 2. Entrance into the
PlatonicSchool,relation to Plato, development of hisopinions,
6. Sojourn in Atarneus, 18. The Macedonian Court, 21.
Return to Athens, teaching and research, 25. Coolness of
Alexander, 31. Flight from Athens and death, 33. Cha-
racter, 39.
CHAPTER II
aeistotle's writings
A. Considerationoftheparticular Works seriatim
TheCatalogues,48. Lettersandpoems, 53. Dialogues and earlier
writings, 55. Workson Logic, 64. Rhetoric, 72. Metaphysics,
75. NaturalPhilosophy: theMaterial Universe and Inorganic
Nature, 81. Organic Nature, 87. Ethics and Politics, 97.
TheoryandHistoryof Art, 102.
B. Oeneral Questions touching theAristotelian Writings.
DifferentclassesofWritings, 105. Exoteric,106. Scientific, 123.
CHAPTER III
HISTORY AND ORDER OP THE WORKS OP ARISTOTLE
FateofAristotle'sWorks, 137. DateandsequenceofWorks, 154.
ARISTOTLE
CHAPTER IV
STANDPOINT, METHOD, AND DIVISIONS OP THE PHILOSOPHY
OP ARISTOTLE
AristotleandPlato, 161. TheirAgreement,162. TheirDifference,
165. Aristotle's Method: Dialectic, 171. Empiricism, 173.
Formalism, 177. Division of his Philosophy: Theoretic, Prac-
tical, Poietic, and their subdivisions, 180. Logic, Metaphysics,
Physics,Ethics,TK'eoryofFineArt, 188.
CHAPTER V
LOGIC
Scope ofLogic, 191. Natureand Originof Knowledge, 194. De-
velopmentofKnowledge,196. ProblemoftheScienceof Know-
ledge,211.
Universal elements of Thought the Concept, 212. Essence and
:
Accident, Genus,Differentia, SpeciesT2l3r" IdentityandDiffer-
ence,kindsofOpposition, 223. TheJudgment,229. Affirmation
andNegation,230. The Quantity of Judgments,232. Modality,
233. Conversion, 236. The Syllogism,236. The Figures, 238.
RulesandFallaciesofSyllogism,241.
Proof: itsproblem and conditions,243. Limits of Proof; Imme-
diateKnowledge,245. AxiomsandPostulates,248. The Prin-
ciple of Contradiction and Excluded Middle, 251. Induction,
Dialectic orProbable Proof,252. DefectsofAristotelianInduc-
tion,255. Definition,265. Classification, 270. SummaGenera,
271.
CHAPTER VI
INTRODUCTORY INQUIRIES TOUCHING ARISTOTLE'S META-
PHYSICS
The Categories: what they are and how they are deduced,274.
The Categories in Detail, 281. Significance of the Theoryof
theCategories,288.
FirstPhilosophy as the Science of Being: itsProblem, 290. Its
Possibility,292.
Fundamental Questions of Metaphysics, and their treatment by
EarlierPhilosophers: the chief problemof MetaphysicsinAri-
stotle'stimeand his mode of presenting it, 295. Criticism of
previousattemptsat its solution: the Pre-Socratics,297. The
Sophists, Socrates,andthe MinorSocratic Schools, 312. Plato
313^ The Ideas, 314. The Ideas asNumbers, 319. The Ulti-
matePrinciplesof Things,the One and the original Material
321. ThevalueofAristotle'scriticismsonPlato,326.
AEISTOTLE
AND THE
EAELIEE PEEIPATETICS
CHAPTER
I
THE LIFE OF AEISTOTLE
The lives and circumstances of the three great philo-
sophersofAthensshowacertainanalogytothecharacter
and scope oftheirwork. AstheAtticphilosophybegan
by searching the inner nature ofman and wenton from
this beginning to extend itself over the whole field of
existence, so we find that the life of its great masters
was at first confined in narrow limits, and gained, as
time went on, a wider range. Socrates is not only a
pure Athenian citizen, but a citizen who feels no desire
to pass beyond the bordersofhis city. Plato is also an
Athenian, but the love of knowledge takes him to
foreign lands and he is connected by many personal
interests with other cities. Aristotle owes to Athens
his scientific training and his sphere of work; but he
belongs by birth and origin to another part of Greece,
he spends his youthand a considerable partofhis man-
hood out of Athens, chiefly in the rising Macedonian
kingdom; and even when he is in Athens, it is as a
stranger, not bound up with the political life of the
VOL. I. B
ARISTOTLE
city, and not hindered by any personal ties from giving
to his philosophy that purely theoretic and impartial
character which became its distinctive praise.1
The birth of Aristotle falls, according to the most
probablereckoning,inthefirstyearofthe99thOlympiad,2
1 The old accounts of Ari- Aristotelia i. 1-188; BrANDIS,
stotle's life now extant are (1) Gr.-rom. Phil. ii. b,i. pp. 48-65;
Diogenes,v. 1-35(far themost Grote's Arist. (1872), i. 1-37,
copious) (2)DiontsiusofHali- and Grant's Arist. (1877) pp.
carnassus;, JBpist. ad Ammreum, 1-29. Stahrdiscusses(p. 5 sqq.)
i. 5, p. 727 sq.; (3) 'Apurr.pios thelostworksof ancientwriters
teal (TvyypdfifiaTa (wtov, by the which treatedof Aristotle's life.
sAkneotncyhmonfshiMsfelniafeg,iik;no(4w)ntaonoutsheirn tWheescoaunrncoetsmbeentsiuorne,eda,swthoaatntyheoifr
ptrhirneteedfoirnmtsh:eA(lad)inteheed.BoifosArfiisrts.t bRaossies's ovriewcretdhiabtilitthyeymoanye abned.
'Opp. 1496-98 (which is there all rest only on spurious texts
ascribedtoPhiloponus,elsewhere and fanciful combinations (p.
to Ammonius, but belongs to 115) is entirely unproved and
neither), here cited as the improbable. Their value, how-
Pseudo-Ammonius(oxAmm.);(i) ever,beyonddoubtdifferswidely;
theLifepublishedfromtheCodex we can only test each state-
MarcianusbyRobbein1861,cited mentbyitsinherentprobability.
as Vita Marciana(or V.Mare.) 2 AccordingtoApollodorus
(e)theLifecitedastheLatin,Am-; apiid Diog. 9; no doubt on
monius, 'preserved in an ancient the basis of the statement
translation, which approaches (ibid. 10, Dionys. and Ammon.)
morecloselytotheVitaMarciana which may be accepted as the
than to the Pseudo-Amnwni%s safestfixedpoint as to thedate
itself (5) 'HavxlovWLiKritriov irepi of Aristotle's life, that he died
tov'A;piaroreXovs (6)SUIDAS,sub in the archonship of Philocles
;
voce 'ApurroTeKris. All of these, (01. 114, 3), about sixty-three
except (46), are to be found years old (erwv rpi&v irov Kal
in Buhlb, Arist. Opp. i. 1-79. I^Koira, or more exactly, as in
Westermann's appendix to Co- Dionys., rpia Trpbs roTs e^Koyra
bet's Diogenes, and his Vitce fridxras £t7)). Dionysius agrees,
Seriptorum(at p. 397) also con- but erroneously talks of Demo-
gtiaviens(3()4ia)nadnd(4(a4)c);.RoRbObSe,Eo{pA.ricsitt.. tsthhaenneAsrisatsottlher,eewhyeeraerassyhoeunwgaesr
Lib.Ord.245),beforethepublica- borninthesameyear,orat most
tion of (ib),ascribed thearche- in the yearbefore(inthebegin-
type of (—4)totheyoungerOlym- ningof01. 99, 1, orendof 01.98,
piodorus aguesswhich maybe 4); vide Stahe i. 30: Gellius'
calledpossiblebutnotproven. Of statement(JV.A.xvii.21,25)that
later commentaries, cf. Buhlb, Aristotlewasbornintheseventh
Arist. Opp. i. 80-104; .Stahe, year after the freeing of Rome
