Argumentation: Analysis, Evaluation

210 Pages·2002·0.96 MB·English

by  Frans H. van Eemeren

Argumentation
Analysis, Evaluation, Presentation
Q
Additional LEAtitles in Argumentation include
van Eemeren et al.•Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory: A
Handbook of Historical Backgrounds and Contemporary Developments
Johnson •Manifest Rationality: APragmatic Theory
of Argument
van Eemeren and Grootendorst (cid:127)Argumentation, Communication,
and Fallacies: APragma-Dialectical Perspective
For additional information, contact Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Inc., or view the online catalog atwww.erlbaum.com.
Argumentation
Analysis, Evaluation, Presentation
Q
Frans H. van Eemeren
Rob Grootendorst
A. Francisca Snoeck Henkemans
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
2002 Mahwah, New Jersey London
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
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Copyright © 2002 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedin
any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any
othermeans,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
10 Industrial Avenue
Mahwah, NJ 07430
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Eemeren,F.H.van.
Argumentation:analysis,evaluation,presentation/FransH.
vanEemeren,RobGrootendorst,A.FranciscaSnoeck
Henkemans.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN0-8058-3952-6(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Persuasion(Rhetoric) I.Grootendorst,R. II.Snoeck
Henkemans,A.F. III.Title.
P301.5.P47E327 2001
808—dc21 2001040403
CIP
ISBN 1-4106-0244-3 Master e-book ISBN
Contents
Q
Preface ix
Introduction xi
I: ANALYSIS
1
Differences of Opinion 3
Essentials 3
1.1 Disagreement and argumentative discussion 3
1.2 Explicit and implicit differences of opinion 4
1.3 Positive and negative standpoints 5
1.4 Standpoints and expressions of doubt 6
1.5 Types of differences of opinion 8
1.6 Main and subordinate differences of opinion 10
1.7 How to recognize standpoints and doubt 10
Further reading 12
Exercises 14
Special assignment 1 17
2
Argumentation and Discussion 23
Essentials 23
2.1 Resolving a difference of opinion 23
2.2 A model of a critical discussion 24
v
vi CONTENTS
2.3 The ideal model and argumentative practice 25
2.4 Argumentation in an implicit critical discussion 28
Further reading 30
Exercises 31
3
Standpoints and Argumentation 37
Essentials 37
3.1 Identifying the standpoint 37
3.2 Indicators of argumentation 39
3.3 Clues in the context 40
3.4 Additional means of identifying argumentation 42
3.5 Explanation, elaboration, and clarification 42
3.6 A maximally argumentative interpretation 43
Further reading 45
Exercises 46
4
Unexpressed Standpoints and Unexpressed Premises 49
Essentials 49
4.1 Implicit elements in argumentative discourse 49
4.2 Indirectness and the rules for communication 51
4.3 Correctness conditions for speech acts 52
4.4 Violations of the communication rules 53
4.5 Different forms of indirectness 54
4.6 Making unexpressed standpoints explicit 56
4.7 Making unexpressed premises explicit 57
4.8 Unexpressed premises in a well-defined context 58
Further reading 59
Exercises 60
5
The Structure of Argumentation 63
Essentials 63
5.1 Single arguments 64
5.2 Multiple, coordinative, and subordinative
argumentation 64
5.3 The complexity of the argumentation structure 66
5.4 Representing the argumentation structure
schematically 68
5.5 The presentation of complex argumentation 73
CONTENTS vii
5.6 A maximally argumentative analysis 75
5.7 Unexpressed premises and complex argumentation 76
Further reading 78
Exercises 79
Special assignments 2, 3, 4, 5 84
II: EVALUATION
6
The Soundness of Argumentation 91
Essentials 91
6.1 Evaluating argumentative discourse 91
6.2 The acceptability of argumentative statements 93
6.3 The validity of the reasoning 94
6.4 The use of argument schemes 95
6.5 Argumentation based on a symptomatic relation 96
6.6 Argumentation based on a relation of analogy 99
6.7 Argumentation based on a causal relation 100
6.8 The presentation of different types
of argumentation 102
Further reading 104
Exercises 105
7
Fallacies (1) 109
Essentials 109
7.1 Violations of the freedom rule 109
7.2 Violations of the burden-of-proof rule 113
7.3 Violations of the standpoint rule 116
7.4 Violations of the relevance rule 119
7.5 Violations of the unexpressed premise rule 121
Further reading 123
Exercises 124
8
Fallacies (2) 127
Essentials 127
8.1 Violations of the starting point rule 127
8.2 Violations of the argument scheme rule 130
8.3 Violations of the validity rule 132
8.4 Violations of the closure rule 134
viii CONTENTS
8.5 Violations of the usage rule 136
Further reading 139
Exercises 140
Special assignment 6 150
III: PRESENTATION
9
Written Argumentation 157
Essentials 157
9.1 A well-written argumentative text 157
9.2 An analytical overview as an aid to writing 159
9.3 Quality control 160
9.4 Rewriting the text 165
Further reading 169
Exercises 170
Special assignment 7 170
10
Oral Argumentation 171
Essentials 171
10.1 Preparing for a discussion 171
10.2 Participating in a discussion 173
10.3 Preparing an argumentative speech 175
10.4 Presenting an argumentative speech 177
Further reading 179
Exercises 180
Special assignment 8 180
Evaluation Form Speeches 181
Overview of Rules for Critical Discussion 182
and Fallacies
Rules for Critical Discussion 182
Fallacies 183
General References 187
Author Index 189
Subject Index 191
Preface
Q
A
rgumentation is an introduction to analyzing, evaluating,
andpresentingoralandwrittenargumentation.Itisbased
onaseriesofbasicinsightsfromthepragma-dialecticalthe-
oryofargumentation.Inthistheory,argumentationisviewedaspri-
marilyaimedatresolvingadifferenceofopinionbyverbalmeans.As
aconsequence,argumentationisexaminedaspartofanexplicitor(in
case of a monologue) implicit discussion between two parties that
have different positions with respect to the same proposition. Each
party’sargumentationisdirectedatendingthedifferencebyconvinc-
ingtheotherpartyoftheacceptabilityofacertainstandpoint.
Argumentationdealswiththeidentificationofdifferencesofopin-
ion,thedeterminationofunexpressedpremises,theexpositionofar-
gumentschemes,theanalysisofthestructureofargumentation,the
evaluationofthesoundnessofargumentation,andthedetectionof
fallaciesasviolationsofrulesforcriticaldiscussion.Tocaterforthe
needsofalargegroupoflearners,theoralandwrittenpresentations
ofargumentationarealsoexplicitlyaddressed.Thematerialthatisto
beexplainedisdividedinto10separatechapters.Eachofthechap-
ters begins with a brief summary of its essentials, and closes with
somesuggestionsforfurtherreading(includingotherapproaches),
ix