Table Of Content“00_Halpert_Pre” — 2015/8/24 — 14:44 — page i — #1
Argument Licensing and Agreement
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Argument Licensing
and Agreement
Claire Halpert
1
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1
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Halpert,Claire.
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pagescm.–(OxfordStudiesinComparativeSyntax)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978–0–19–025648–7(pbk.:alk.paper)–ISBN978–0–19–025647–0(hardcover:alk.
paper) 1. Zululanguage–Grammar,Comparative–Bantu. 2. Bantulanguage–Grammar,
Comparative–Zulu. 3. Zululanguage–Syntax. 4. Zululanguage–Agreement. I. Title.
PL8842.H352015
496′.39865–dc23
2015008116
ISBN 978–0–19–025647–0(hbk); ISBN 978–0–19–025648–7(pbk)
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forDan
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CONTENTS
ListofTables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
ListofAbbreviations xv
1.Introduction 1
1.1. BantuExceptionalism:WhatVaries,andWhy? 1
1.2. FamiliarityintheUnfamiliar:InsightsonSyntaxand
Variation 4
1.3. ANoteonZulu 8
2.A-movementandPhi 10
2.1. AnatomyofaNominal 11
2.2.FlexibleWordOrder 12
2.3.SubjectsandAgreement 14
2.3.1. PropertiesofvP-externalSubjects 16
2.3.2.PropertiesofvP-internalSubjects 22
2.3.3.OptionalityforSubjects 28
2.4.RaisingConstructionsinZulu 30
2.4.1. Raising-to-subject 30
2.4.2.Raising-to-object 41
2.5.BeyondSubjectDistribution:AddingArguments 44
2.6.Summary 53
3.UncoveringArgumentLicensing 54
3.1. NominalDistributionandCaseheoryinBantu 55
3.1.1. heProileofAbstractCase 56
3.1.2. AgainstStandardCaseheoryinBantu 60
3.2.AugmentlessNominals 65
3.2.1. heDistributionofAugmentlessNominals 66
3.3.AugmentlessNominalLicensing 72
3.3.1. hevP-internalRestrictiononAugmentless
Nominals 73
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3.3.2.AugmentlessNominalswithinvP 78
3.3.3.Summary 89
3.4.AugmentlessNominalsandtheCaseforCase:A
Cross-linguisticComparison 90
3.4.1. RevisitingtheQuestionofCaseinBantu 91
3.4.2.RestrictingAugmentlessNominalswithoutCase? 94
3.4.3.CluesfromtheBroaderBantuLandscape 101
3.5.AugmentlessNominalsasBareNegativeNPs? 111
3.5.1. SyntacticLicensingofNegativeIndeinites 112
3.6.SummarizingtheCaseforCase 116
4.LicensingandvP 118
4.1. Introduction 118
4.2.heConjoint/DisjointAlternation:BasicDistribution 120
4.2.1. heConjoint/DisjointAlternationandArgumentPosition
123
4.2.2.heConjoint/DisjointAlternationwithLocativesand
Adverbs 126
4.2.3.DiagnosticsforvPEdge 128
4.2.4.AgainstaProsodicAccountoftheConjoint/Disjoint
Alternation 134
4.2.5.heConjoint/DisjointAlternationasaMarkerofSyntactic
Constituency 137
4.3.AFamiliarSignature 140
4.3.1. AsymmetricProbe–GoalRelationships 143
4.4.heNatureofLasaProbe 146
4.4.1. heConjoint/DisjointAlternationandClausal
Complements 147
4.4.2.heNatureofLocativeandAdverbCategories 157
4.4.3.heSelectivenessofL 160
4.4.4.Summary 163
4.5.MovementandtheTimingoftheDerivation 163
4.5.1. ActivityandtheLackofOptionality 169
4.6.InvestigatingLandCase:CluesfromOtjiherero 174
5.CaseMorphologyinZuluandBeyond 178
5.1. CaseClassiication 179
5.2.StructuralLicensing:Recap 184
5.3.ZuluNominalPreixesandLicensing 185
5.3.1. ClassiicationofObliquePreixes 186
5.3.2.StructuralRestrictionsonObliques 190
5.3.3.CaseMorphologyinZulu 195
5.4.heAugmentandtheRoleofCaseMorphology
inZulu 197
[viii] Contents
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5.5.CaseandAgreementInteractions 204
5.5.1. OnAgreeableness 204
5.5.2.TimingofAgreementandCase 206
5.5.3.heStatusofAugment-permittingPreixes 209
5.5.4.CaseConcord? 212
5.6.ExaminingtheAugmentinsideDP 217
5.6.1. AugmentlessnominalsattheNPlevel 217
5.6.2.DP-levelprocesses 220
5.7.Conclusion 228
6.OptionalAgreementandOtherConsequences 229
6.1. SubjectAgreement:RuleandExceptions 231
6.1.1. ComplexNPSubjects 232
6.1.2. RaisedSubjects 234
6.1.3. TallyingtheScore 242
6.2.UnderstandingOptionalAgreement 242
6.2.1. ClausalAgreement 243
6.2.2.ComplexNPSubjects 245
6.2.3.RaisedSubjects 250
6.3.EPPInsights 256
6.3.1. ExoticCasesofRaising:EnglishandGreek 259
6.4.Conclusion 262
7.VariationintheSyntacticLandscape 264
7.1. AccountingforZulu 264
7.2.MoralsforSyntacticheory 269
7.2.1. ZuluandtheOrganizationoftheGrammar 269
7.2.2.SomeFinalhoughts:ZuluandtheNatureofSyntactic
Variation 274
Bibliography 279
Index 291
CONTENTS [ix]
Description:The strikingly unrestricted syntactic distribution of nouns in many Bantu languages often leads to proposals that syntactic case does not play an active role in the grammar of Bantu. This book offers a different conclusion that the basis of Zulu that Bantu languages have not only a system of structu
