Arguing About Bioethics

625 Pages·2012·3.19 MB·English

by  Stephen Holland

Arguing About Bioethics
A rguing About Bioethics is a fresh and exciting collection of essential readings in
bioethics, offering a comprehensive introduction to and overview of the fi eld.
Infl uential contributions from established philosophers and bioethicists, such as Peter
Singer, Thomas Nagel, Judith Jarvis Thomson and Michael Sandel, are combined with
the best recent work in the subject.
Organised into clear sections, readings have been chosen that engage with one
another, and often take opposing views on the same question, helping students get to
grips with the key areas of debate. All the core issues in bioethics are covered, along-
side new controversies that are emerging in the fi eld, including:
• embryo research
• selecting children and enhancing humans
• human cloning
• using animals for medical purposes
• organ donation
• consent and autonomy
• public health ethics
• resource allocation
• developing world bioethics
• assisted suicide.
Each extract selected is clear, stimulating and free from unnecessary jargon. The
editor’s accessible and engaging section introductions make A rguing About Bioethics
ideal for those studying bioethics for the fi rst time, while more advanced readers will
be challenged by the rigorous and thought-provoking arguments presented in the
readings.
Stephen Holland is a Senior Lecturer in the Departments of Philosophy and Health
Sciences at the University of York, UK.
Arguing About Philosophy
This exciting and lively series introduces key subjects in philosophy with the help of a
vibrant set of readings. In contrast to many standard anthologies which often reprint
the same technical and remote extracts, each volume in the A rguing About Philosophy
series is built around essential but fresher philosophical readings, designed to attract
the curiosity of students coming to the subject for the fi rst time. A key feature of the
series is the inclusion of well-known yet often neglected readings from related fi elds,
such as popular science, fi lm and fi ction. Each volume is edited by leading fi gures in
their chosen fi eld and each section carefully introduced and set in context, making
the series an exciting starting point for those looking to get to grips with philosophy.
A rguing About Metaethics
Edited by Andrew Fisher and Simon Kirchin
A rguing About the Mind
Edited by Brie Gertler and Lawrence Shapiro
A rguing About Art 3rd Edition
Edited by Alex Neill and Aaron Ridley
A rguing About Knowledge
Edited by Duncan Pritchard and Ram Neta
A rguing About Law
Edited by John Oberdiek and Aileen Kavanagh
Arguing About Metaphysics
Edited by Michael Rea
Arguing About Religion
Edited by Kevin Timpe
Arguing About Political Philosophy
Edited by Matt Zwolinski
Arguing About Language
Edited by Darragh Byrne and Max Kolbel
Forthcoming titles:
A rguing About Science
Edited by Alexander Bird and James Ladyman
Arguing About Bioethics
Edited by
Stephen Holland
First edition published 2012
by Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2012 Stephen Holland for selection and editorial matter.
The right of Stephen Holland to be identifi ed as author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted by them
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
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registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
p. cm. – (Arguing about philosophy)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Bioethics. 2. Medical ethics.
I. Holland, Stephen (Stephen Michael), 1963–
QH332.A74 2011
174.2–dc23
2011042088
ISBN: 978–0–415–47632–4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978–0–415–47633–1 (pbk)
Typeset in Joanna and Bell Gothic
by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk
Contents
Acknowledgements xii
General Introduction 1
PART ONE
Is it wrong to do research on human embryos? 3
Introduction to Part One 5
1 D. S. Oderberg
THE METAPHYSICAL STATUS OF THE EMBRYO:
SOME ARGUMENTS REVISITED 7
2 M. Reichlin
THE ARGUMENT FROM POTENTIAL:
A REAPPRAISAL 21
3 J. P. Lizza
POTENTIALITY AND HUMAN EMBRYOS 34
4 J. Harris
STEM CELLS, SEX, AND PROCREATION 42
PART TWO
On what grounds should we select and enhance our offspring? 53
Introduction to Part Two 55
5 E. Parens and A. Asch
THE DISABILITY RIGHTS CRITIQUE OF
PRENATAL GENETIC TESTING: REFLECTIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59
6 J. Savulescu
PROCREATIVE BENEFICENCE: WHY WE
SHOULD SELECT THE BEST CHILDREN 74
vi Contents
7 J. A. Robertson
PRECONCEPTION GENDER SELECTION 83
8 M. J. Sandel
THE CASE AGAINST PERFECTION: WHAT’S
WRONG WITH DESIGNER CHILDREN, BIONIC
ATHLETES, AND GENETIC ENGINEERING? 93
9 N. Bostrom
HUMAN GENETIC ENHANCEMENTS:
A TRANSHUMANIST PERSPECTIVE 105
PART THREE
Is it wrong to clone human beings? 117
Introduction to Part Three 119
10 R. F. Chadwick
CLONING 123
11 L. R. Kass
WHY WE SHOULD BAN THE CLONING OF
HUMANS: THE WISDOM OF REPUGNANCE 130
12 D. Elliott
UNIQUENESS, INDIVIDUALITY, AND
HUMAN CLONING 149
13 R. Sparrow
CLONING, PARENTHOOD, AND GENETIC
RELATEDNESS 163
14 R. Blackford
SLIPPERY SLOPES TO SLIPPERY SLOPES:
THERAPEUTIC CLONING AND THE CRIMINAL
LAW 176
PART FOUR
What uses of animals for biomedical purposes are permissible? 179
Introduction to Part Four 181
15 P. Singer
ANIMAL LIBERATION AT 30 185
Contents vii
16 P. Harrison
DO ANIMALS FEEL PAIN? 195
17 C. Cohen
THE CASE FOR THE USE OF ANIMALS IN
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 206
18 A. L. Caplan
IS XENOGRAFTING MORALLY WRONG? 214
19 J. L. Nelson
MORAL SENSIBILITIES AND MORAL STANDING:
CAPLAN ON XENOGRAFT ‘DONORS’ 224
PART FIVE
How should more human transplant organs be acquired? 231
Introduction to Part Five 233
20 L. R. Kass
ORGANS FOR SALE? PROPRIETY, PROPERTY,
AND THE PRICE OF PROGRESS 237
21 J. Radcliffe-Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann,
R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells, and
N. Tilney for the International Forum for Transplant
Ethics 1998
THE CASE FOR ALLOWING KIDNEY SALES 252
22 C. Cohen
THE CASE FOR PRESUMED CONSENT TO
TRANSPLANT HUMAN ORGANS AFTER DEATH 256
23 R. M. Veatch and J. B. Pitt
THE MYTH OF PRESUMED CONSENT: ETHICAL
PROBLEMS IN NEW ORGAN PROCUREMENT
STRATEGIES 264
24 A. Spital
MANDATED CHOICE FOR ORGAN DONATION:
TIME TO GIVE IT A TRY 271
25 L. Beecham
DONORS AND RELATIVES MUST PLACE NO
CONDITIONS ON ORGAN USE 277
viii Contents
26 T. M. Wilkinson
WHAT’S NOT WRONG WITH CONDITIONAL
ORGAN DONATION? 278
27 J. L. Bernat
ARE DONORS AFTER CIRCULATORY
DEATH REALLY DEAD, AND DOES IT MATTER?
YES AND YES 282
28 R. D. Truog and F. G. Miller
COUNTERPOINT: ARE DONORS AFTER
CIRCULATORY DEATH REALLY DEAD, AND
DOES IT MATTER? NO AND NOT REALLY 287
29 J. L. Bernat
REBUTTAL 291
PART SIX
What sort of consent does respect for autonomy imply? 293
Introduction to Part Six 295
30 C.W. Lidz, A. Meisel, M. Osterweis, J. L. Holden, J. H. Marx,
and M. R. Munetz
BARRIERS TO INFORMED CONSENT 299
31 J. F. Childress
THE PLACE OF AUTONOMY IN BIOETHICS 308
32 R. M. Veatch
ABANDONING INFORMED CONSENT 317
33 J. Savulescu and R. W. Momeyer
SHOULD INFORMED CONSENT BE BASED ON
RATIONAL BELIEFS? 329
34 O. O’Neill
SOME LIMITS OF INFORMED CONSENT 339
35 S. N. Whitney
A NEW MODEL OF MEDICAL DECISIONS:
EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF SHARED
DECISION MAKING 346
Contents ix
PART SEVEN
Is it permissible to impose on individuals for the sake of the public’s health? 355
Introduction to Part Seven 357
36 J. F. Childress, R. R. Faden, R. D. Gaare, L. O. Gostin, J. Kahn,
R. J. Bonnie, N. E. Kass, A. C. Mastroianni, J. D. Moreno,
and P. Nieburg
PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS: MAPPING THE TERRAIN 361
37 L. O. Gostin
PUBLIC HEALTH LAW IN AN AGE OF
TERRORISM: RETHINKING INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS AND COMMON GOODS 374
38 R. H. Thaler and C. R. Sunstein
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS, PUBLIC POLICY, AND
PATERNALISM: LIBERTARIAN PATERNALISM 386
39 S. Holm
OBESITY INTERVENTIONS AND ETHICS 392
40 D. Isaacs, H. A. Kilham and H. Marshall
SHOULD ROUTINE CHILDHOOD
IMMUNIZATIONS BE COMPULSORY? 398
41 S. Chapman
BANNING SMOKING OUTDOORS IS SELDOM
ETHICALLY JUSTIFIABLE 407
42 A. L. Fairchild and R. Bayer
ETHICS AND THE CONDUCT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
SURVEILLANCE 412
PART EIGHT
How are scarce medical resources to be justly allocated? 417
Introduction to Part Eight 419
43 A. Williams
THE VALUE OF QALYs 423
44 J. Harris
QALYFYING THE VALUE OF LIFE 428