ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress in Adults

537 Pages·1996·13.78 MB·English

by  John F. Murray (auth.)

ARDS
ACUTE RESPIRATORY
DISTRESS IN ADULTS
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ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress
in Adults
Edited by
Timothy W. Evans
and
Christopher Haslett
With a Foreword by Thomas L. Petty
MD
IU.11
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.v.
ISBN 978-0-412-56910-4 ISBN 978-1-4899-3430-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3430-7
Distributed in the USA and Canada by Singular Publishing Group Inc. 4284 41st Street,
San Diego, California 92105
First edition 1996
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1996.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996
Typeset in 10/12 Palatino by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may
not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographie reproduction
only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate
Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction
outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address
printed on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-83464
i§ Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39,
48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
CONTENTS
List of contributors vii
Foreword by Thomas L. Petty xiii
List of abbreviations xv
PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1
1 Introduction and definition 3
lohn F. Murray
2 Epidemiology 13
Molly L. Osborne and Robert J. Meyer
3 Spectrum of disease 25
Nicholas P. Curzen, Christopher Haslett and Timothy W. Evans
4 Diffuse alveolar damage 37
Bryan Corrin
PART TWO BASIC MECHANISMS 47
5 Mechanisms of resolution of lung inflammation 49
Christopher Haslett
6 Complement, endotoxin and acute lung injury 69
Polly E. Parsans
7 Cytokines and lung injury 85
Daniel R. Smith, Robert M. Strieter and Steven L. Kunkel
8 Mechanisms of neutrophil mediated injury 99
G. Scott Worthen and Gregory P. Downey
9 Adhesion moleeules 115
S. Craig Stocks and Ian Dransfield
10 Proteinases 139
Caroline A. Owen and Edward J. Campbell
11 Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant protection and lung injury 167
lohn M.C. Gutteridge and Gregory J. Quinlan
12 Epithelial injury and repair 197
Elizabeth L. Aronsen and lohn M. Shannon
13 Mechanisms of scarring 215
Patricia J. Sime and lack Gauldie
vi Cantents
14 Secondary infections in acute lung injury 233
Galen B. Toews
PART THREE PHYSIOLOGY 249
15 Pulmonary physiology of acute lung injury 251
Peter D. Macnaughton
16 Surfactant system in lung injury 263
Patricia L. Haslam
17 Pulmonary vascular control mechanisms 297
Nigel A.M. Patersan and David G. McCormack
18 Systemic manifestations 317
Ravi S. Gill and William J. Sibbald
19 Tissue oxygenation 331
Jean-Louis Vincent and Daniel De Backer
20 Critical role of the alveolar epithelial barrier 345
Michael A. Matthay
PART FOUR CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 359
21 Imaging the injured lung 361
David M. Hansell
22 Severity scoring 381
Jahn S. Turner and Peter D. Potgieter
23 Apressure targeted approach to ventilating 393
John J. Marini
24 High frequency ventilation 409
Eric H. Gluck and Brian F. Keagh
25 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 425
Dirk Pappert, Ralf Rossaint, Herwig Gerlach and Konrad J. Falke
26 Intravascular gas exchange 439
Brian F. Keagh and Kenneth M. Sim
27 Clinical trial issues 451
Alan H. Marris
PART FIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS 479
28 Fluid balance and renal function 481
Phillip Factar, David Ciccolella and Jacab 1. Sznajder
29 Inhaled nitric oxide therapy 495
E. Robert Grover and David Bihari
30 Prospects for pharmacotherapy 507
Mark J.D. Griffiths and Timathy W Evans
Index 525
CONTRIBUTORS
ELIZABETH L. ARONSEN MD BRYAN CORRIN MD, FRCPath
Special Faculty Instructor, National Jewish Professor of Thoracic Pathology,
Center for Immunology and Respiratory National Heart & Lung Institute,
Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital,
4500 E. 9th Avenue, Sydney Street,
Suite 600S, London SW3 6NP,
Denver CO 80220, UK
USA
DAVID BIHARI FRCP NICHOLAS P. CURZEN BM, MRCP
Staff Specialist,
MRC Training Fellow, and Honorary
Intensive Care Unit,
Registrar in ITU and Cardiology,
St George Hospital,
National Heart & Lung Institute,
Gray Street,
Royal Brompton Hospital,
Kogarah NSW 2217,
Sydney Street,
Australia
London SW3 6NP,
UK
EDWARD J. CAMPBELL MD
Clinical Investigator, Department of Veterans
Affairs, Salt Lake Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, and Associate Professor of DANIEL OE BACKER MD
Senior Fellow,
Medicine, Division of Respiratory, Critical
Department of Intensive Care,
Care, and Occupational Pulmonary
Erasme University Hospital,
Medicine,
Route de Lennik 808,
University of Utah Health Sciences Center,
B-1070 Brussels,
50 North Medical Drive,
Belgium
Salt Lake City UT 84132,
USA
DAVID CICCOLELLA MD GREGORY P. DOWNEY MD, FRCP(c)
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Associate Professor of Medicine and
Director, Asthma Center, Program Director,
Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Division of Respirology,
Temple University School of Medicine, 1 Kings College Circle,
3401 N. Broad Street, University of Toronto,
Philadelphia PA 19103 Ontario,
USA Canada M5S lA8
viii Contributors
IAN DRANSFIELD PhD HERWIG GERLACH MD
Senior Lecturer in Medical Cell Biology, Senior Staff Anaesthesiologist and Head
Respiratory Medicine Unit, Physician,
Department of Medicine (RlE), Virchow-Klinikum,
Rayne Laboratory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin,
University of Edinburgh Medical School, Augustenburger Platz I,
Teviot Place, D-13353 Berlin,
Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Germany
UK
TIMOTHY W. EVANS MD, FRCP, PhD RAV I S. GILL BM, FRCA
Reader in Critical Care Medicine, National Senor Registrar in Anaesthetics,
Heart & Lung Institute, and Consultant in Queen Alexandra Hospital,
Thoracic and Intensive Care Medicine,
Southwick Hill Road,
Royal Brompton Hospital,
Cosham,
Sydney Street,
Portsmouth P06 3LY,
London SW3 6NP,
UK
UK
PHILLIP FACTOR DO ERIC H. GLUCK MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, University
Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief
of Illinois at Chicago, and Associate
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,
Director, Intensive Care Unit,
The Chicago Medical School,
Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center,
3001 Green Bay Road,
2929 S. Ellis Avenue,
North Chicago,
Chicago IL 60616-3390,
Illinois 60064,
USA
USA
KONRAD J. FALKE MD
Professor of Anaesthesiology and Surgical
Intensive Care, and Chairman, MARK J.D. GRIFFITHS BSC, MRCP
Wellcome Research Fellow,
Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und operative
Adult Intensive Care Unit,
Intensivmedizin,
Royal Brompton Hospital,
Virchow-Klinikum,
Sydney Street,
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin,
London SW3 6Np,
Augustenburger Platz I,
D-13353 Berlin, UK
Germany
JACK GAULDIE PhD E. ROBERT GROVER FRCA
Professor and Chairman, Department of Clinical Research Physician,
Pathology, Department of Cardiovascular / Critical Care
McMaster University, Medicine,
Health Sciences Centre, Room 2N16, The Wellcome Foundation,
1200 Main Street West, Langley Court,
Hamilton, South Eden Park Road,
Ontario, Beckenham BR3 3B5,
Canada L8N 3Z5 UK
Contributors IX
JOHN M.C. GUTTERIDGE PhD, DSC, FIBiol STEVEN L. KUNKEL MD
Professor of Biochemistry Professor of Pathology,
Oxygen Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
National Heart & Lung Institute, Medicine,
Royal Brompton Hospital, University of Michigan Medical Center,
Sydney Street, 3916 Taubman Center,
London SW3 6NP, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive,
UK Ann Arbor MI 48109-0360,
USA
DAVID M. HANSELL MRCP, FRCR
DAVID G. McCORMACK MD, FRCP(c), FCCP
Consultant Radiologist and Honorary Senior
Lecturer, Associate Professor of Medicine, University
of Western Ontario,
Department of Radiology,
The Alan C. Burton Vascular Biology
Royal Brompton Hospital,
Laboratory,
Sydney Street,
Victoria Hospital,
London SW3 6NP,
375 South Street,
UK
London,
Ontario
PATRICIA L. HASLAM PhD, MRCPath
Ca na da N6A 4G5
Senior Lecturer,
Cell Biology Unit, Cardiothoracic Surgery,
PETER D. MACNAUGHTON MD, MRCP, FRCA
National Heart & Lung Institute,
Consultant in Anaesthetics and Intensive
Imperial College School of Medicine,
Care,
Dovehouse Street,
Derriford Hospital,
London SW3 6LY,
Derriford Road,
UK
Plymouth PL6 8DH,
UK
CHRISTOPHER HASLETT FRCP, FRCP (Edin)
Professor of Respiratory Medicine,
JOHN J. MARINI MD
Chairman of the Department of Medicine
Professor of Medicine, University of
(RIE) and Director of the Rayne
Minnesota, and Director of Pulmonary
Laboratories,
and Critical Care Medicine,
University of Edinburgh,
St Paul Ramsey Medical Center,
Royal Infirmary,
640 Jackson Street,
Lauriston Place,
St Paul MN 55101-2595,
Edinburgh EH3 9YW,
USA
UK
MICHAEL A. MATTHAY MD
BRIAN F. KEOGH FRCA Professor of Medicine and Anesthesia, and
Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Senior Member, Cardiovascular Research
Care, Institute,
Royal Brompton Hospital, 505 Parnassus, M-917,
Sydney Street, University of California,
London SW3 6NP, San Francisco CA 94143-0130,
UK USA