Arctic Systems

949 Pages·1977·25.02 MB·English

by  J. Rennie Whitehead (auth.)

ARCTIC SYSTEMS
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
I Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
II SYSTEMS SCIENCE
Volume 1 Transportation Planning for a Better Environment
Edited by Peter Stringer and H. Wenzel
Volume 2 Arctic Systems
Edited by P. J. Amaria, A. A. Bruneau, and P. A. Lapp
ARCTIC SYSTEMS
Edited by
P. J. Amaria and A. A. Bruneau
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
and
P. A. Lapp
Philip A. Lapp Ltd.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Published in coordination with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Arctic systems.
(NATO conference series: II, Systems science; v. 2)
"Proceedings of a conference ... held at the Memorial University of Newfoundland
in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, August 18-22,1975, sponsored by the Nato
Special Program Panel on Systems Science."
Includes index.
1. Arctic regions-Congresses. 2. Engineering-Cold weather conditions-Congresses.
3. Systems engineering-Congresses. I. Amaria, P. J. II. Bruneau, Angus A. III. Lapp,
Philip A. IV. Nato Special Program Panel on Systems Science. V. Series.
G600.5.A73 919.8 77-3871
I SB N 978-1-4684-0801-0
ISBN 978-1-4684-0801-0 ISBN 978-1-4684-0799-0 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4684-0799-0
Proceedings of a conference on Arctic Systems held at the Memorial University of
Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, August 18-22, 1975, sponsored
by the NATO Special Program Panel on Systems Science
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1977
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
For the purpose of publication of these Proceedings, the
original conference programme has been rearranged to provide a
more logical sequence of presentation. The beginning sections
give the inaugural speech and the six keynote addresses which were
delivered at the opening plenary session. Following these are the
working papers, published more or less in the same sequence in
which they were presented in the original programme. The order of
presentation does not necessarily emphasise the importance of any
one aspect of the Arctic Systems over others.
The final reports of the six working groups and their
conclusions and recommendations are edited in such a manner as to
present them in a standardised format for easy comprehension. The
editors accept responsibility for any distortion inadvertently
introduced in the summarising and editing processes.
Later sections of the Proceedings give a background to the
Conference organization and deliberations, and an independent
critique of the meeting.
The directors and those who attended the Conference were
conscious of the debt of gratitude owed by them to the Conference
chairmen, rapporteurs, authors of working papers, and many
individuals for their contributions to the success of the meeting.
We wish to thank them and it is a pleasure to record their names
in these Proceedings.
Inaugural Speaker
Dr. J. Rennie Whitehead, Canada
Banquet Guest Speaker
Honourable Mr. T. Alex Hickman, Canada
Keynote Addresses
Mr. C. Bornemann, Denmark
Dr. A.E. Collin, Canada
Dr. R.E. Francois, U.S.A.
Mr. W. Ganong, Canada
Mr. L. Nitzki, Federal Republic of Germany
Mr. M. Turner, Canada
v
~ PREFACE
Chairmen
Professor D. Clough, Canada
Dr. R. E. Francois, U.S.A.
Brigadier General K. Greenaway, Canada
Dr. J. Keys, Canada
Dr. N. Orvik, Canada
Mr. A. E. Pallister, Canada
Mr. E. Reimers, Norway
Dr. H. Schroeder-Lanz, Germany
Captain R. White, U.S.A.
Rapporteurs
Dr. D. Bajzak, Canada
Dr. D. Dunsiger, Canada
Mr. J. English, Canada
Mr. D. Grenville, Canada
Dr. R. Peters, Canada
Mr. H. Snyder, Canada
Editorial Assistance
Mr. B. LeDrew, Centre for Cold Ocean Resources Engineering,
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
Conference Social Hostesses
Dr. Roda Amaria
Mrs. Daphne Bajzak
Mrs. Jean Bruneau
Mrs. Jane Dunsiger
Mrs. Ruth English
Mrs. Riva Mackee
Mrs. Pauline Newbury
Mrs. Elizabeth Peters
Mrs. Adelle Snyder
Mrs. Grace Ward
Technical Assistants
Audio Visual
Mr. Tony Howell
Mr. Neil Riggs
Mr. Bob McIsaac
Dr. T. Swami
Educational Television (ETV)
Mr. Andy Wells
Tape Recording
Mr. Rick Harris, Eastern Audio, St. John's
Graphic Art Designs
Mrs. Hanny Muggeridge
Mrs. Gita Reddy
Mrs. Jane Dunsiger
PREFACE
Thanks are also due to the NATO Special Program Panel on
Systems Science and the NATO Science Committee who were the
sponsors of the Conference, and to Mobil Oil Ltd. of Canada;
Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Ltd.; Iron Ore Company of
Canada; the Ministry of State for Science and Technology,
Government of Canada; and Memorial University of Newfoundland, who
provided supplemental financial assistance towards the organization
of the Conference.
We also gratefully acknowledge the assistance and cooperation
of many members of the administrative, technical, planning and
works, and security departments of the Memorial University of
Newfoundland who provided effective staffing during the Conference,
and of our secretary, Mrs. Margaret Rose, who not only assisted us
during the planning stages but also typed the final manuscript of
the Proceedings.
Contents
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Need for International Cooperation in
the Arctic ............. . 1
J. Rennie Whitehead
KEYNOTE ADDRESSES
Arctic Environmental Management Systems . . . . . . . . . 9
A. E. Collin
Arctic Traffic Management, Navigation,
and Communication System . . . . . • . 19
M. A. Turner
Arctic Transportation Systems . • . . . . . . . . • . . . 49
L. Nitzki
Arctic Operational Information and
Forecasting Systems . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . • 59
w.
F. Ganong
Arctic Underwater Operational Systems . . • . . . . . . . 81
Robert E. Francois
Arctic Social and Cultural Systems 103
Claus Bornemann
ix
x CONTENTS
WORKING PAPERS
Environmental Protection and Quality
Enhancement in an Arctic Region
Part I - Environmental Guidelines and
Utilities Delivery ......... . 119
Daniel W. Smith
Environmental Protection and Quality
Enhancement in an Arctic Region
Part II - Environmental Emergency
Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Herbert T. Doane
Environmental Aspects of Contingency
Planning at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska 177
D. S. Braden
Natural Gas Pipelines in the Arctic
Environment Polar Gas Project:
Part I - "Engineering Research" 189
L. M. Etchegary and Walter Hindle
Natural Gas Pipelines in the Arctic
Environment Polar Gas Project:
Part II - "Environmental Research" . 213
R. J. Lamoureux and Walter Hindle
An Environmental Research Program for
Drilling in the Canadian Beaufort Sea 237
John Hnatiuk
Arctic Oil Cleanup System - Subsystem
Requirements . . . . . . . . . 257
Lt. J. H. Getman
Multispecies Models of an Exploited Sea
Jan E. Beyer and Hans Lassen
A Vision of a Future Home Rule Cultural
Policy for Greenland Compared with
Present Conditions . 307
Father Finn Lynge
Dynamic Models of the Socio-Economic
Role of Telecommunications Technology 315
J. C. Beal and L. E. Peppard
CONTENTS xi
The Man in the Arctic Program (MAP):
Economic, Demographic, and Socio
Cultural Effects of Development in Alaska 339
Judith Kleinfeld
The Development of Petroleum Resources in
the Canadian Arctic: Perspective on the
Evolution of Environmental and Social
Policies . . . . 353
Douglas H. Pimlott
Arctic Resource Transportation: Present
System and Future Development .... 373
J. L. Courtney
Ice Resistance Without Ice: Simulation
of Ship Resistance in Ice Fields 401
Fen-Dow Chu
Arctic Marine Structures: Some Aspects
of Systems Approach . . . . . . . 441
W. H. German
System Analysis of Logistics Planning
for Natur~l Gas Pipeline Construction
in the Arctic Region . . . . . . . . 479
E. Buchholz, T.E. Kingsbury and
G. E. Bushell
Discussion Contribution Regarding
Improvement Potential of Ice-Navigation' 503
F. J. Legerer
A Proposed Formulation and Analysis
Procedure for a National Policy on
Canadian Ice-Capable Ocean Transport
Management .. . . . . . . . . . . 513
T. W. Kierans and P. J. Amaria
Proposal for an Arctic Services
Joint Operations Centre . . 553
L. W. Morley and D. J. Clough
A Review of Navigation Systems and
Their Applicability to the Arctic . 573
Captain M. Walker