Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change

341 Pages·2011·2.83 MB·English

by  James Kraska

arctic security in an age of climate change
This is the first book to examine Arctic defense policy and military security from the
perspectiveofalleightArcticstates.Inlightofclimatechangeandmeltingiceinthe
ArcticOcean,Canada,Russia,Denmark(Greenland),Norway,andtheUnitedStates,
aswellasIceland,Sweden,andFinland,aregrapplingwithanemergingArcticsecurity
paradigm.Thisvolumebringstogethertheworld’smostseasonedArcticpolitical-military
expertsfromEuropeandNorthAmericatoanalyzehowArcticnationsareadaptingtheir
security postures to accommodate increased shipping, expanding naval presence, and
energyandmineraldevelopmentinthepolarregion.Thebookanalyzestheascentof
Russia as the first “Arctic superpower,” the growing importance of polar security for
NATOandtheNordicstates,andtheincreasingroleofCanadaandtheUnitedStates
intheregion.
Dr.JamesKraskaservesastheHowardS.LevieChairofOperationalLawattheU.S.
Naval War College, where he also teaches on the faculty of the International Law
Department. Kraska is a commander and judge advocate in the U.S. Navy. He has
servedaslegaladvisertojointandnavaltaskforcecommandersintheAsia-Pacificand
has completed four Pentagon major staff assignments. He was the principal military
contributor to the president’s U.S. Arctic Region Policy, and he coordinated Arctic
issues and law of the sea for the armed forces at the National Security Council and
InternationalMaritimeOrganization.AuthorofMaritimePowerandtheLawoftheSea
(2011),KraskaalsoholdsappointmentsasSeniorFellowattheForeignPolicyResearch
InstituteinPhiladelphiaandasGuestInvestigatorattheMarinePolicyCenter,Woods
HoleOceanographicInstitutioninWoodsHole,Massachusetts.In2010,hewasselected
fortheAlfredThayerMahanAwardforLiteraryAchievementbytheNavyLeagueofthe
UnitedStates.

Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change
Editedby
JAMES KRASKA
U.S.NavalWarCollege
and
ForeignPolicyResearchInstitute
cambridgeuniversitypress
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Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107006607
(cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2011
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andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Arcticsecurityinanageofclimatechange/[editedby]JamesKraska.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-1-107-00660-7(hardback)
1.Arcticregions–Militarypolicy. 2.Security,International–Arcticregions.
3.Arcticregions–Strategicaspects. I.Kraska,James.
ua880.a76 2011
355(cid:3).0335113–dc22 2011001952
isbn978-1-107-00660-7Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsforexternalor
third-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontenton
suchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Theviewspresentedarethoseofthecontributorsanddonotreflecttheofficialpolicy
orpositionoftheirinstitutionsorgovernments.
ForKim,Olivia,andCaroline

Contents
ListofFiguresandTables pageix
ContributorBiographies xi
Foreword–ArcticFutures:ThePoliticsofTransformation x?x?i
OranR.Young
part i introduction: circumpolar perspectives
1 ArcticSecurity:TheIndirectApproach 3
FranklynGriffiths
2
TheChallengesandSecurityIssuesofArcticMarine
Transport 20
LawsonW.Brigham
3
TheArcticMeltdownandItsImplicationforPortsand
ShippinginAsia 33
JoshuaH.Ho
part ii european security interests in the arctic
4 ArcticSecurityandNorway 47
RolfTamnes
5
NorwayandtheArctic:BetweenMultilateralGovernance
andGeopolitics 64
GeirFlikke
vii
viii Contents
6
MilitaryAspectsofRussia’sArcticPolicy:HardPowerand
NaturalResources 85
KatarzynaZysk
7 TheRussianArcticintheTwenty-FirstCentury 107
CaitlynL.Antrim
8 TheRiseoftheArcticontheGlobalStage 129
PauliJa¨rvenpa¨a¨ andTomasRies
9 TheArcticChallengetoDanishForeignandSecurityPolicy 145
NikolajPetersen
10 ArcticSecurity:AGreenlandicPerspective 166
AdamWorm
11
TerritorialDiscoursesandIdentityPolitics:Iceland’sRole
intheArctic 174
ValurIngimundarson
part iii north american security interests in the
arctic
12
CanadaandtheNewlyEmergingInternationalArctic
SecurityRegime 193
RobHuebert
13
PolarRaceorPolarSaga?CanadaandtheCircumpolar
World 218
P.WhitneyLackenbauer
14 TheNewArcticGeographyandU.S.Strategy 244
JamesKraska
15
ArcticSecurityConsiderationsandtheU.S.Navy’s
“ArcticRoadmap” 267
DavidW.TitleyandCourtneyC.St.John
Afterword:AUnitedKingdomPerspectiveontheRoleofNavies
inDeliveringArcticSecurity 281
LeeWillett
Index 299
Figures and Tables
figures
2.1. MarineRoutesintheArcticOceanandArcticRegion page24
2.2. Summer2009CommercialVoyagesalongtheNortheastPassage 30
6.1. RussianLong-Range-AviationBasingfortheArctic–PrimaryBases
andForwardOperatingLocations 87
6.2. RussianLong-Range-AviationFlightsalongtheNorwegianCoastin
2006 88
6.3. RussianLong-Range-AviationFlightsalongtheNorwegianCoastin
2007 89
7.1. Mackinder’sGeographicPivotandtheIcySeas 109
7.2. TheSeas,Coastlines,andWatershedsofSiberia 112
10.1.LocationofGreenlandCommandUnits 170
13.1.GlobalBusinessNetworkFutureArcticMarineNavigation
Matrix(2008) 229
15.1.DailyArcticSea-IceExtent,1979–2010 269
15.2.AverageMonthlyArcticSea-IceExtentSeptember,1979–2010 270
tables
6.1. TheRussianBallistic-MissileSubmarineFleet 92
7.1. ComparisonofSiberianRiverSystemswiththeMississippiRiver
System 116
9.1. PotentialArcticTasksforDanishForeignandSecurityPolicy 153
ix