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,1 ITECTURE
DRAFTING ANO DFSIGN
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DONALD E. HEPLER
THIRD EDITION
PAUL I. WALLACH
THSS BOOK SS TOE PROPERTY OF:
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THIRD EDITION
Architecture
Drafting and Design
Donald E. Hepler Paul I. Wallach
McGraw-Hill Book Company
New York St. Louis San Francisco Dallas Auckland Bogota Dusseldorf
Johannesburg London Madrid Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama
Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
I
Editor: Hal Lindquist
Editing Supervisors: Faye Allen and Mary Naomi Russell
Design Supervisor: Jim Darby
Production Supervisors: Renee Guilmette, Ted Agrillo, and Suzanne LanFranchi
Design: Aspen Hollow Art Sendee
Cover Photo: Pedro A. Noa
Cover Design: Cathy Gallagher
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hepler, Donald E
Architecture: drafting and design.
Includes index.
1. Architectural drawing. 2. Architectural
design. I. Wallach. Paul I., joint author.
II. Title.
NA2700.H4 1977 720'.28 76-19073
ISBN 0-07-028291-9
Copyright © 1977,1971,1965 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Contente
Preface viii
Introduction 1
PART ONE
THE DESIGN PROCESS 9
Section 1 Designing and Planning 10
Unit 1. Architectural Styles 10
Unit 2. Design Factors 20
Unit 3. Orientation 25
Unit 4. Density Planning 30
Unit 5. Ecology and Planning 35
Section 2 Living Area 38
Unit 6. The Living Room 38
Unit 7. The Dining Room 48
Unit 8. The Family Room 53
Unit 9. The Recreation Room 56
Unit 10. Porches 60
“S;
Unit 11. Patios 65
Unit 12. Lanais 73
Unit 13. Traffic Areas 77
Unit 14. Entrances 82
Unit 15. The Den 89
Section 3 Service Area 92
Unit 16. The Kitchen 92
Unit 17. The Utility Room 102
Unit 18. Garages and Carports 105
Unit 19. Home Work Area 109
Unit 20. Storage Areas 113
Section 4 Sleeping Area 118
Unit 21. Bedrooms 118
Unit 22. Baths 124
iii
PART TWO
BASIC ARCHITECTURAL PLANS 133
134
Section 5 Drafting Techniques
Unit 23. Architectural Line Weights 134
Unit 24. The Architect’s Scale 137
Unit 25. Metric Scale 144
Unit 26. Drafting Instruments 151
Unit 27. Computer-Aided Drafting Systems 156
Unit 28. Timesavers 164
Unit 29. Architectural Lettering 171
Unit 30. Line Techniques 175
Section 6 Drawing Floor Plans 178
Unit 31. Room Planning 178
Unit 32. Floor-Plan Design 184
Unit 33. Complete Floor Plan 191
Unit 34. Floor-Plan Dimensioning 202
Section 7 Elevation Drawings 208
Unit 35. Elevation Design 208
Unit 36. Elevation Projection 223
Unit 37. Elevation Symbols 228
Unit 38. Elevation Dimensioning 237
Unit 39. Landscape Rendering 239
Section 8 Pictorial Drawing 243
Unit 40. Exteriors 243
Unit 41. Interiors 251
Unit 42. Rendering 255
PART THREE
TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURAL PLANS 265
Section 9 Location Plans 266
Unit 43. Plot Plans 266
Unit 44. Landscape Plans 270
Unit 45. Survey Plans
275
iv
Section 10 Sectional Drawings 282
Unit 46. Full Sections 282
Unit 47. Detail Sections 287
Section 11 Foundation Plans 296
Unit 48. Foundation Members 296
Unit 49. Foundation Types 300
Unit 50. Foundation Construction Methods 304
Unit 51. Fireplaces 307
Section 12 Framing Plans 314
Unit 52. Types of Framing 314
Unit 53. Floor-Framing Plans 330
Unit 54. Exterior-Wall Framing Plans 347
Unit 55. Interior-Wall Framing Plans 360
Unit 56. Stud Layouts 366
Unit 57. Roof-Framing Plans 371
Unit 58. Roof-Covering Materials 398
Section 13 Electrical Plans 403
Unit 59. Lighting 403
Unit 60. Electrical Principles 411
Unit 61. Planning with Electricity 418
Section 14 Air-Conditioning Plans 426
Unit 62. Air-Conditioning Methods 426
Unit 63. Air-Conditioning Symbols 437
Section 15 Plumbing Diagrams 439
Unit 64. Plumbing Lines 439
Unit 65. Plumbing Fixtures 444
Section 16 Modular Component Plans 446
Unit 66. Modular System of Designing 446
Unit 67. Drawing Modular Plans 458
Section 17 Architectural Plan Sets 465
Unit 68. Sets of Plans 465
Unit 69. Relationship of Plans 467
v
PART FOUR
479
ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT SERVICES
480
Section 18 Schedules and Specifications
Unit 70. Door and Window Schedules 480
Unit 71. Finish Schedules 483
Unit 72. Specifications 486
494
Section 19 Building Codes
Unit 73. Required Sizes 495
Unit 74. Building Loads 498
Section 20 Methods of Checking 501
Unit 75. Architectural Models 501
Unit 76. Template Checking 5 10
Unit 77. Architectural Checklists 516
Section 21 Cost Analysis 521
Unit 78. Building Costs 521
Unit 79. Financing 525
PART HVE
APPENDIX 529
Section 22 Careers Related to Architecture 530
Section 23 Mathematics Related to Architecture 538
Section 24 Architectural Glossary 541
Section 25 Architectural Synonyms 554
Section 26 Architectural Abbreviations
560
Index 563
vi
