Table Of ContentARCHITEC TUR ALLY
E XP OSE D
S TRUC TUR AL
S TE E L
SPECIFICATIONS / CONNECTIONS / DETAILS
AESS-18.indd 1 24/11/14 12:09
AESS-18.indd 2 24/11/14 12:09
TERRI MEYER BOAKE
ARCHITEC TUR ALLY
E XP OSE D
S TRUC TUR AL
S TE E L
SPECIFICATIONS / CONNECTIONS / DETAILS
BIRKHÄUSER / BASEL
AESS-18.indd 3 24/11/14 12:09
The preparation of this book was kindly supported by the
World Steel Association.
GRAPHIC DESIGN, LAYOUT AND TYPOGRAPHY
Reinhard Steger, Christian Schärmer, Deborah van Mourik
Proxi, Barcelona
EDITOR FOR THE PUBLISHER
Andreas Müller, Berlin
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
A CIP catalog record for this book has been
applied for at the Library of Congress.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION PUBLISHED BY THE
DEUTSCHE NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the
Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the
whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in databases.
For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained.
This publication is also available as an
e-book pdf (ISBN 978-3-03821-483-0) and
EPUB (978-3-03821-446-5).
© 2015 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel
P.O. Box 44, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
Part of Walter De Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston
Printed on acid-free paper produced from
chlorine-free pulp. TCF ∞
Printed in Germany
ISBN 978-3-03821-574-5
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
www.birkhauser.com
As a rule, this book does not make reference to existing patents,
registered designs, trademarks etc. If such reference has been omitted,
this does not signify that the product or the product name is not
protected. The great number of different materials and products mentioned
in this book made it impossible to carry out an investigation into the
possible existence of trademark protection in every case. Accordingly,
as a rule, the text makes no use of trademark symbols such as ® or TM.
AESS-18.indd 4 24/11/14 12:09
CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD by Dr. Edwin Basson, 35 AESS 4 – Showcase Elements
Director General, 37 AESS C – Custom Elements
World Steel Association 40 Mixed Categories
11 PREFACE
43 CHAPTER 3
13 CHAPTER 1 CHARACTERISTICS
THE BASIS OF
ARCHITECTURALLY 43 AESS 1 – Basic Elements
46 AESS 2 – Feature Elements with
EXPOSED
a View Distance > 6m/20ft
STRUCTURAL STEEL 50 AESS 3 – Feature Elements with
a View Distance ≤ 6m/20ft
54 AESS 4 – Showcase Elements
13 What is AESS?
59 AESS C – Custom Elements
16 The Evolution of Architecturally
59 Using the System
Exposed Structural Steel
60 AESS CATEGORY MATRIX
17 From Structural Rationalism to
High Tech
18 Initial Developments in High
63 CHAPTER 4
Tech Detailing
ERECTION
20 Primary Factors of Influence that
Define AESS
CONSIDERATIONS
22 Communication Issues between
Architect, Engineer and Fabricator
63 Transforming an Architectural
23 The Role of BIM and Detailing
Idea into Prefabricated AESS
Software
Elements
64 Shop versus Site Fabrication
65 The Impact of Transport Issues
25 CHAPTER 2 on Design
THE CATEGORY 66 Site Constraints
67 Care in Handling
SYSTEM
69 Sequencing, Lifting, Access
and Safety
26 To Grind or Not to Grind? 71 Erecting the Steel
27 Standard Structural Steel 73 Combining AESS with Other
27 AESS 1 – Basic Elements Systems
30 AESS 2 – Feature Elements with
a View Distance > 6m/20ft
32 AESS 3 – Feature Elements with
a View Distance ≤ 6m/20ft
AESS-18.indd 5 24/11/14 12:09
75 CHAPTER 5 117 CHAPTER 7
COATINGS & CONNECTIONS
PROTECTION
117 Definitions
118 Connection Design Checklist
76 Surface Preparation
120 Shop versus Site Fabrication
78 Paint Systems
121 Connection Mock-ups and
78 Primers
Visual Samples
79 Shop versus Site-applied
122 Bolted Connections
Coatings
124 Welded Connections
79 Corrosion Protection:
130 Pin Connections
Galvanization, Metallization,
Stainless Steel, Weathering Steel
89 Fire Protection Systems:
139 CHAPTER 8
Intumescent Coatings, Sprayed
SPECIALIZED
Fire-resistive Materials (SFRM),
Concrete-filled Steel Tubes
CONNECTIONS
139 Making Connections Less Visible
97 CHAPTER 6
140 Hidden Connections
MEMBER CHOICES
142 Discreet Connections
147 Cast Connections
97 The Texture of an AESS Project
98 Choosing a Member Type
98 Hot-rolled Steel Sections 157 CHAPTER 9
102 Tubular or Hollow Structural CUSTOM
Sections (HSS): Round Hollow
FABRICATION
Structural Sections, Square or
Rectangular Hollow Structural
Sections 158 Building Profiles
108 Elliptical Hollow Sections (EHS)
110 Custom-fabricated Sections
113 Tapered Tubes or Cones
APPENDIX
178 Selected Bibliographic
References
179 Notes
179 Illustration Credits
180 Subject Index
182 Index of Buildings
183 Index of Persons and Firms
184 About the Author
AESS-18.indd 6 24/11/14 12:09
BUILDING PROFILES
41 PORTO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 155 BALTIC CENTRE FOR CONTEMPORARY 167 ARGANZUELA BRIDGE
Porto, Portugal ART Gateshead, England Madrid, Spain
ICQ with WS Atkins Ellis Williams Architects Dominique Perrault
Architecture with MC2 Estudio
83 WESTGATE PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE 158 SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE de Ingeniería, S.L.
BRIDGE Auckland, New Zealand Sydney, Australia
Jasmax architects, Aurecon Jørn Utzon and Ove Arup 168 ORIENTE STATION
Consulting Engineers and HEB Lisbon, Portugal
Construction 159 AMGEN HELIX BRIDGE Santiago Calatrava
Seattle, WA, USA
86 STRATFORD TOWN CENTRE LINK Johnson Architecture and KPFF 169 PEACE BRIDGE
London, England Consulting Engineers Calgary, AB, Canada
Knight Architects with Buro Happold Santiago Calatrava
160 CANOE BRIDGE
87 THE GLASS BRIDGE Vancouver, BC, Canada 170 GATESHEAD MILLENNIUM BRIDGE
Perth, Australia PWL Partnership Landscape Newcastle, England
Donaldson + Warn; Capital House Architects Wilkinson Eyre Architects
Engineers; artists David Jones, with Gifford
Kevin Draper and Richard Walley; 161 VIADUCT EVENTS CENTER
John Holland Constructions Auckland, New Zealand 171 PEDRO AND INÊS BRIDGE
Moller Architects Coimbra, Portugal
115 ONTARIO COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN Cecil Balmond
Toronto, ON, Canada 162 THE SHARD OBSERVATION LEVEL
Will Alsop Architect London, England 172 ABC MUSEUM
Renzo Piano Building Workshop Madrid, Spain
134 BARAJAS AIRPORT TERMINAL 4 and WSP Aranguren + Gallegos
Madrid, Spain Arquitectos
Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners 163 THE NEW YORK TIMES BUILDING
New York City, NY, USA 173 ST. JOHN AMBULANCE
137 NEO BANKSIDE HOUSING Renzo Piano Building Workshop, HEADQUARTERS
London, England FXFOWLE Architects and Edmonton, AB, Canada
Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners Thornton Thomasetti Manasc Isaac Architects
152 BRISBANE INTERNATIONAL 164 NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF CANADA 174 BOSTON SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS
AIRPORT Brisbane, Australia Gatineau, QC, Canada STAIR Boston, MA, USA
Richards and Spence with Arkhefield Blouin IKOY & Associés Höweler + Yoon Architecture
153 RENOVATION OF OLYMPIASTADION 165 CANNON STREET STATION AND 175 CAIXA FORUM
BERLIN Berlin, Germany OFFICE BUILDING Madrid, Spain
Architekten von Gerkan, London, England Herzog & de Meuron
Marg und Partner Foggo Associates
154 REGENT PALACE HOTEL 166 PUENTE DE LUZ
London, England Toronto, ON, Canada
Dixon Jones Architects Francisco Gazitua
AESS-18.indd 7 24/11/14 12:09
8
AESS-18.indd 8 24/11/14 12:09
FOREWORD
The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is proud to be the exclusive sponsor of Archi-
tecturally Exposed Structural Steel: Specifications, Connections, Details. Construction is
one of the most important steel-using industries, globally accounting for more than 50%
of world steel use. Buildings – from houses to car parks to schools to skyscrapers – rely
on steel for their strength and durability. In addition to structural frameworks, steel is
also used on many other parts of buildings, including roofs and cladding for exterior walls.
Steel continues to be at the root of advances in architecture and construction. The use
of exposed steel in buildings brings the design benefits and dynamic potential of steel
to the public eye. Its stiffness allows steel to span greater distances and provides more
design freedom than other materials. Steel’s superior strength-to-weight ratio makes it
possible for the structure to bear high loads using less material. Architecturally Exposed
Structural Steel (AESS) plays a significant role also in the design of contemporary
pedestrian bridges that elevates their role in the urban realm to that of art.
Sustainable steel is at the core of a green economy. Reusing or recycling building com-
ponents is key to the sustainability of a structure’s end-of-life as it is the most economic
and ecological solution. The global recovery rates for steel construction applications stand
at 85%, making it a good choice for building structures. The exposure of steel leads to a
reduction of materials that would otherwise be used to conceal the structural systems,
while at the same time creating stimulating architecture.
Steel is safe, innovative and progressive. Industry surveys consistently demonstrate that
steel is the safest construction material. Steel offers the highest strength-to-weight
ratio of any building material. Because of its strength and durability, steel structures are
designed to withstand natural disasters. It is also impervious to attacks from termites or
fungi, does not rot or split and is highly fire-resistant. The steel industry globally spends
more than €12 billion annually on improving the manufacturing processes, new product
developments and future breakthrough technologies.
Steel is a key driver of the world’s economy. The industry directly employs more than
two million people worldwide, with a further two million contractors and four million
people in supporting industries. In 2013, the steel industry had a turnover of more than
$900 billion, yielding over $100 billion in tax.
Steel plays a fundamental role in the development of modern societies and is an ideal
material to help meet the societies’ growing needs for buildings and infrastructures in
a sustainable way. Its intrinsic properties such as its strength, versatility, durability and
100% recyclability allow improved environmental performance across the entire life
cycle of buildings.
The AESS Category System of design presented in this book acknowledges the import-
The Munich Airport Center ance of the role of proper connection design and erection strategies, and communication
in Munich, Germany, designed between the fabricator, engineer and architect, as central to ensuring safety on the site.
by Helmut Jahn and completed
in 1999, showcases high-level
detailing in Architecturally Dr. Edwin Basson
Exposed Structural Steel. Director General, World Steel Association
9
AESS-18.indd 9 26/11/14 15:00
