Architecting software intensive systems: a practitioner's guide

464 Pages·2008·3.87 MB·English

by  Anthony J. Lattanze

ARCHITECTING SOFTWARE
INTENSIVE SYSTEMS
A Practitioner’s Guide
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ARCHITECTING SOFTWARE
INTENSIVE SYSTEMS
A Practitioner’s Guide
Anthony J. Lattanze
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lattanze, Anthony J.
Architecting software intensive systems : a practitioner’s guide / Anthony J. Lattanze.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-4569-7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Software engineering. 2. Systems engineering. 3. Software architecture. I. Title.
QA76.758.L3285 2009
005.1’2--dc22 2008039859
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Dedication
To God and my family
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................xxi
Reader’s Guide................................................................................................................xxiii
SECTION I
1 Introduction.................................................................................................................3
The Architectural Life Cycle..............................................................................................6
Chaos ......................................................................................................................8
Dissemination...........................................................................................................8
Adoption...................................................................................................................8
Harvest.....................................................................................................................8
Sunset ......................................................................................................................8
Stakeholders..................................................................................................9
Business Models............................................................................................9
Marketplace.................................................................................................10
Technological Environment.........................................................................11
Organizational Structure..............................................................................11
Theme, Purpose, and Organization..................................................................................12
Section 1: Architectural Principles...........................................................................13
Section 2: The Architecture Design Process.............................................................13
Section 3: Scaling and Integrating ACDM with Existing Process Frameworks........14
2 Architecture Defined..................................................................................................15
The History of Modern Systems Concepts........................................................................17
System Architectures.........................................................................................................19
Enterprise Architecture.....................................................................................................21
A Brief History of Modern Software................................................................................23
Toward Architecting Software-Intensive Systems..............................................................25
The Design Hierarchy......................................................................................................27
Structures...............................................................................................................29
Elements.................................................................................................................29
Externally Visible Properties of the Elements..............................................29
Relationships among the Elements..............................................................29
vii
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii (cid:78) Contents
3 Architectural Drivers.................................................................................................33
Architectural Drivers Defined..........................................................................................34
High-Level Functional Requirements..............................................................................36
Quality Attribute Requirements......................................................................................40
Technical Constraints.......................................................................................................45
Business Constraints.........................................................................................................47
Summary.........................................................................................................................48
4 Architectural Structures.............................................................................................49
Structure and Perspective.................................................................................................50
The Static Perspective..............................................................................................51
The Dynamic Perspective........................................................................................52
The Physical Perspective...........................................................................................52
Structures and Systemic Properties...................................................................................57
Decoupling..............................................................................................................57
Coupling................................................................................................................58
Cohesion.................................................................................................................58
Consolidating Resources..........................................................................................59
Resource Scattering................................................................................................60
Redundancy...........................................................................................................60
Structures, Styles, and Patterns.........................................................................................61
Using Structures..............................................................................................................63
A Structural Reasoning Framework.................................................................................64
Perspective..............................................................................................................64
Elements and Relationships....................................................................................66
Topology.................................................................................................................66
Semantics................................................................................................................67
Quality Attribute Effects.........................................................................................67
Usage Context.........................................................................................................67
Structural Variants...................................................................................................67
Example Framework Applications....................................................................................68
Tactics....................................................................................................................72
Summary.........................................................................................................................75
5 The Work of an Architect...........................................................................................77
What Does an Architect Do?...........................................................................................77
Requirements Engineering......................................................................................78
Participating on the Management Team.................................................................78
Designing the Architecture.........................................................................78
Evaluating the Architecture.........................................................................78
Guiding Implementation.............................................................................79
Managing Product/System Evolution..........................................................79
Designing Decommissioning and Transition Strategies..............................80
Providing Organizational Technical Leadership..........................................80
Technical Background............................................................................................80
Experience...............................................................................................................81
Business Savvy.........................................................................................................81
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents (cid:78) ix
Communication Skills............................................................................................82
Managerial and Leadership Skills...........................................................................82
When Do We Architect?..................................................................................................83
Business Context....................................................................................................83
Organization..........................................................................................................84
Place in the Design Hierarchy................................................................................84
Development Life Cycle..........................................................................................84
Guidance for Architectural Design...................................................................................85
Establishing System Context..................................................................................86
Architectural Decomposition..................................................................................86
Example: The SmartMarquee..........................................................................................89
SmartMarquee Context..........................................................................................89
SmartMarquee First-Level Decomposition.............................................................94
SmartMarquee Assigning First-Level Responsibilities.............................................95
SmartMarquee Second- and Third-Level Decomposition.......................................97
Switching Perspective............................................................................................103
What Happens and When Does It Happen?.........................................................106
Defining Interfaces................................................................................................108
Summary........................................................................................................................112
6 Documenting the Architectural Design...................................................................115
Architectural Documentation Stakeholders....................................................................116
Detailed Element Designers...................................................................................117
Builders/Implementers...........................................................................................117
Managers...............................................................................................................118
Internal Procurement.............................................................................................118
Users .....................................................................................................................119
Customers..............................................................................................................119
Maintainers..........................................................................................................120
Installers...............................................................................................................120
Testers/Evaluators..................................................................................................121
Marketing/Sales.....................................................................................................121
When to Document the Architecture............................................................................122
What to Write Down.....................................................................................................124
Documentation Tools and UML...................................................................................128
General Guidance for Technical Writing.......................................................................136
Design the Document...........................................................................................137
Empathize with the Reader....................................................................................138
Pay Close Attention to Details and Assume Nothing.............................................138
Reduce Large Numbers of Interactions by Grouping Related Interactions.............139
Simplify and Add Detail as Necessary...................................................................140
Pay Attention to Mechanics...................................................................................140
Document Structure.......................................................................................................142
Front Matter..........................................................................................................142
Section 1: Document Description..........................................................................142
Section 2: Project Overview...................................................................................143
Section 3: Architectural Drivers.............................................................................143
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x (cid:78) Contents
Section 4: System Context.....................................................................................143
Section 5: Level X Decomposition.........................................................................144
Section 6: Mappings between Perspectives.............................................................144
Section 7: Document Directory.............................................................................144
Summary........................................................................................................................145
SECTION II
7 The Architecture Centric Design Method................................................................149
ACDM Overview...........................................................................................................151
ACDM Roles..................................................................................................................154
8 ACDM Stage 1: Discovering the Architectural Drivers............................................161
Purpose...........................................................................................................................161
Preconditions..................................................................................................................161
General Activities............................................................................................................161
Techniques, Templates, and Guidance............................................................................161
Primary Artifacts............................................................................................................162
Postconditions.................................................................................................................163
Description of Stage 1.....................................................................................................164
The Master Design Plan: Planning the Design Strategy..................................................165
Planning the Architecture Drivers Elicitation Workshop.......................................168
Conducting the Architecture Drivers Elicitation Workshops..........................................174
Introductions and Workshop Overview.................................................................176
Product or System Overview..................................................................................177
Identify Operational Descriptions.........................................................................177
Identify Quality Attribute Requirements...............................................................182
Identify Business Constraints................................................................................185
Identify Technical Constraints..............................................................................186
Summary and Next Steps......................................................................................186
Raw Data Consolidation.......................................................................................187
Creating and Updating the Master Design Plan.............................................................189
Creating a Schedule...............................................................................................190
Step 1: Establishing the Work Breakdown Structure..................................190
Step 2: Assigning Completion Values.........................................................194
Step 3: Roll-Up Schedule...........................................................................195
Step 4: Tracking Progress...........................................................................195
Impact of Fixed Cost and Schedule on ACDM Planning......................................198
Impact of Preexisting Specifications on the ACDM Requirements Elicitation
Process.......................................................................................................199
Summary.......................................................................................................................200
9 ACDM Stage 2: Establishing Project Scope.............................................................201
Purpose...........................................................................................................................201
Preconditions..................................................................................................................201
General Activities............................................................................................................201
Techniques, Templates, and Guidance............................................................................201
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC